Animatronics

This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "Animatronics" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (April 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message)

Animatronics is technology relating to the usage of electronics to animate puppets or other figures.^[1][2][3] They are a modern variant of the automaton and are often used for the portrayal of characters in films, video games and in theme park attractions.

It is a multidisciplinary field integrating puppetry, anatomy and mechatronics.^[4] Animatronic figures can be implemented with both computer and human control, including teleoperation. Motion actuators are often used to imitate muscle movements and create realistic motions. Figures are usually encased in body shells and flexible skins made of hard or soft plastic materials and finished with colors, hair, feathers and other components to make them more lifelike. Animatronics stem from a long tradition of mechanical automata powered by hydraulics, pneumatics and clockwork.^[5]

Before the term "animatronics" became common, they were usually referred to as "robots". Since then, robots have become known as more practical programmable machines that do not necessarily resemble living creatures. Robots (or other artificial beings) designed to convincingly resemble humans are known as "androids". The term Animatronics is a portmanteau of animate and electronics. The term Audio-Animatronics was coined by Walt Disney in 1961 when he started developing professional animatronics for entertainment and film.