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| Cisuralian | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
.png) A map of Earth 285 million years ago during the Cisuralian Epoch, Artinskian Age | |||||||||||||
| Chronology | |||||||||||||
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| Etymology | |||||||||||||
| Name formality | Formal | ||||||||||||
| Synonym(s) | Early/Lower Permian | ||||||||||||
| Usage information | |||||||||||||
| Celestial body | Earth | ||||||||||||
| Regional usage | Global (ICS) | ||||||||||||
| Time scale(s) used | ICS Time Scale | ||||||||||||
| Definition | |||||||||||||
| Chronological unit | Epoch | ||||||||||||
| Stratigraphic unit | Series | ||||||||||||
| Time span formality | Formal | ||||||||||||
| Lower boundary definition | FAD of the conodont Streptognathodus isolatus within the morphotype Streptognathodus wabaunsensis chronocline | ||||||||||||
| Lower boundary GSSP | Aidaralash, Ural Mountains, Kazakhstan 50°14′45″N 57°53′29″E / 50.2458°N 57.8914°E | ||||||||||||
| Lower GSSP ratified | 1996[2] | ||||||||||||
| Upper boundary definition | FAD of the Conodont Jinogondolella nanginkensis | ||||||||||||
| Upper boundary GSSP | Stratotype Canyon, Guadalupe Mountains, Texas, United States 31°52′36″N 104°52′36″W / 31.8767°N 104.8768°W | ||||||||||||
| Upper GSSP ratified | 2001[3] | ||||||||||||
The Cisuralian is the first series/epoch of the Permian. The Cisuralian was preceded by the Pennsylvanian and followed by the Guadalupian. The Cisuralian Epoch is named after the western slopes of the Ural Mountains in Russia and Kazakhstan and dates between 298.9 ± 0.15 – 272.3 ± 0.5 Ma.[4]
In the regional stratigraphy of southwestern North America, the Cisuralian encompasses two series: the Wolfcampian (Asselian to mid-Artinskian) and Leonardian (mid-Artinskian to Kungurian).[5][6][7]
The series saw the appearance of beetles and flies and was a relatively stable warming period of about 21 million years.
- ^ "International Chronostratigraphic Chart" (PDF). International Commission on Stratigraphy. September 2023. Retrieved December 16, 2024.
- ^ Davydov, Vladimir; Glenister, Brian; Spinosa, Claude; Ritter, Scott; Chernykh, V.; Wardlaw, B.; Snyder, W. (March 1998). "Proposal of Aidaralash as Global Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) for base of the Permian System" (PDF). Episodes. 21: 11–18. doi:10.18814/epiiugs/1998/v21i1/003. Retrieved 7 December 2020.
- ^ "GSSP for Roadian Stage". International Commission on Stratigraphy. Retrieved 13 December 2020.
- ^ Gradstein, Felix M.; Ogg, James G.; Smith, Alan G. (2004). A Geologic Time Scale 2004. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521786737.
- ^ Ross, C. A.; Ross, June R. P. (1995). "Permian Sequence Stratigraphy". The Permian of Northern Pangea. pp. 98–123. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-78593-1_7. ISBN 978-3-642-78595-5.
- ^ "Permian: Stratigraphy". UC Museum of Paleontology. University of California Berkeley. Retrieved 17 June 2021.
- ^ Henderson, C.M.; Shen, S.Z.; Gradstein, F.M.; Agterberg, F.P. (2020), "The Permian Period", Geologic Time Scale 2020, Elsevier, pp. 875–902, doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-824360-2.00024-3, ISBN 978-0-12-824360-2, retrieved 2023-09-12