Emissivity

The emissivity of the surface of a material is its effectiveness in emitting energy as thermal radiation. Thermal radiation is electromagnetic radiation that most commonly includes both visible radiation (light) and infrared radiation, which is not visible to human eyes. A portion of the thermal radiation from very hot objects (see photograph) is easily visible to the eye.

The emissivity of a surface depends on its chemical composition and geometrical structure. Quantitatively, it is the ratio of the thermal radiation from a surface to the radiation from an ideal black surface at the same temperature as given by the Stefan–Boltzmann law. (A comparison with Planck's law is used if one is concerned with particular wavelengths of thermal radiation.) The ratio varies from 0 to 1.

The surface of a perfect black body (with an emissivity of 1) emits thermal radiation at the rate of approximately 448 watts per square metre (W/m²) at a room temperature of 25 °C (298 K; 77 °F).

Objects have emissivities less than 1.0, and emit radiation at correspondingly lower rates.^[1]

However, wavelength- and subwavelength-scale particles,^[2] metamaterials,^[3] and other nanostructures^[4] may have an emissivity greater than 1.^{[clarification needed]}

^ The Stefan–Boltzmann law is that the rate of emission of thermal radiation is σT⁴, where σ = 5.67×10⁻⁸ W/m²·K⁴, and the temperature T is in kelvins. See Trefil, James S. (2003). The Nature of Science: An A-Z Guide to the Laws and Principles Governing Our Universe. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 377. ISBN 9780618319381.
^ Bohren, Craig F.; Huffman, Donald R. (1998). Absorption and scattering of light by small particles. Wiley. pp. 123–126. ISBN 978-0-471-29340-8.
^ Narimanov, Evgenii E.; Smolyaninov, Igor I. (2012). "Beyond Stefan–Boltzmann Law: Thermal Hyper-Conductivity". Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics 2012. OSA Technical Digest. Optical Society of America. pp. QM2E.1. arXiv:1109.5444. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.764.846. doi:10.1364/QELS.2012.QM2E.1. ISBN 978-1-55752-943-5. S2CID 36550833.
^ Golyk, V. A.; Krüger, M.; Kardar, M. (2012). "Heat radiation from long cylindrical objects". Phys. Rev. E. 85 (4): 046603. arXiv:1109.1769. Bibcode:2012PhRvE..85d6603G. doi:10.1103/PhysRevE.85.046603. hdl:1721.1/71630. PMID 22680594. S2CID 27489038.

[1] The Stefan–Boltzmann law is that the rate of emission of thermal radiation is σT⁴, where σ = 5.67×10⁻⁸ W/m²·K⁴, and the temperature T is in kelvins. See Trefil, James S. (2003). The Nature of Science: An A-Z Guide to the Laws and Principles Governing Our Universe. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 377. ISBN 9780618319381.

[Bohren-2] Bohren, Craig F.; Huffman, Donald R. (1998). Absorption and scattering of light by small particles. Wiley. pp. 123–126. ISBN 978-0-471-29340-8.

[3] Narimanov, Evgenii E.; Smolyaninov, Igor I. (2012). "Beyond Stefan–Boltzmann Law: Thermal Hyper-Conductivity". Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics 2012. OSA Technical Digest. Optical Society of America. pp. QM2E.1. arXiv:1109.5444. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.764.846. doi:10.1364/QELS.2012.QM2E.1. ISBN 978-1-55752-943-5. S2CID 36550833.

[Golyk2012-4] Golyk, V. A.; Krüger, M.; Kardar, M. (2012). "Heat radiation from long cylindrical objects". Phys. Rev. E. 85 (4): 046603. arXiv:1109.1769. Bibcode:2012PhRvE..85d6603G. doi:10.1103/PhysRevE.85.046603. hdl:1721.1/71630. PMID 22680594. S2CID 27489038.

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