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Hydrochlorothiazide
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| Clinical data | |
|---|---|
| Trade names | Hydrodiuril, others |
| Other names | HCTZ, HCT |
| AHFS/Drugs.com | Monograph |
| MedlinePlus | a682571 |
| License data | |
| Pregnancy category |
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| Routes of administration | By mouth |
| ATC code | |
| Legal status | |
| Legal status | |
| Pharmacokinetic data | |
| Bioavailability | Variable (~70% on average) |
| Metabolism | Not significant[3] |
| Elimination half-life | 5.6–14.8 h |
| Excretion | Primarily kidney (>95% as unchanged drug) |
| Identifiers | |
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| CAS Number | |
| PubChem CID | |
| IUPHAR/BPS | |
| DrugBank | |
| ChemSpider | |
| UNII | |
| KEGG | |
| ChEBI | |
| ChEMBL | |
| CompTox Dashboard (EPA) | |
| ECHA InfoCard | 100.000.367 |
| Chemical and physical data | |
| Formula | C7H8ClN3O4S2 |
| Molar mass | 297.73 g·mol−1 |
| 3D model (JSmol) | |
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Hydrochlorothiazide, sold under the brand name Hydrodiuril among others, is a diuretic medication used to treat hypertension and swelling due to fluid build-up.[4] Other uses include treating diabetes insipidus and renal tubular acidosis and to decrease the risk of kidney stones in those with a high calcium level in the urine.[4] Hydrochlorothiazide is taken by mouth and may be combined with other blood pressure medications as a single pill to increase effectiveness.[4] Hydrochlorothiazide is a thiazide medication which inhibits reabsorption of sodium and chloride ions from the distal convoluted tubules of the kidneys, causing a natriuresis.[4][5] This initially increases urine volume and lowers blood volume.[6] It is believed to reduce peripheral vascular resistance.[6]
Potential side effects include poor kidney function, electrolyte imbalances, including low blood potassium, and, less commonly, low blood sodium, gout, high blood sugar, and feeling lightheaded with standing.[4]
Two companies, Merck & Co. and Ciba Specialty Chemicals, state they discovered the medication which became commercially available in 1959.[7] It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines.[8] It is available as a generic drug[4] and is relatively affordable.[9] In 2022, it was the twelfth most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 38 million prescriptions.[10][11]
- ^ "Hydrochlorothiazide Use During Pregnancy". Drugs.com. 30 July 2019. Retrieved 19 January 2020.
- ^ "FDA-sourced list of all drugs with black box warnings (Use Download Full Results and View Query links.)". nctr-crs.fda.gov. FDA. Retrieved 22 October 2023.
- ^ Beermann B, Groschinsky-Grind M, Rosén A (May 1976). "Absorption, metabolism, and excretion of hydrochlorothiazide". Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 19 (5 Pt 1): 531–537. doi:10.1002/cpt1976195part1531. PMID 1277708. S2CID 22159706.
- ^ a b c d e f "Hydrochlorothiazide". Drugs.com. 15 November 2022. Retrieved 31 May 2023.
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
wrightwas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ a b Duarte JD, Cooper-DeHoff RM (June 2010). "Mechanisms for blood pressure lowering and metabolic effects of thiazide and thiazide-like diuretics". Expert Review of Cardiovascular Therapy. 8 (6): 793–802. doi:10.1586/erc.10.27. PMC 2904515. PMID 20528637. NIHMSID: NIHMS215063.
- ^ Ravina E (2011). The evolution of drug discovery: from traditional medicines to modern drugs (1st ed.). Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. p. 74. ISBN 9783527326693. Archived from the original on 10 January 2015.
- ^ World Health Organization (2023). The selection and use of essential medicines 2023: web annex A: World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 23rd list (2023). Geneva: World Health Organization. hdl:10665/371090. WHO/MHP/HPS/EML/2023.02.
- ^ "Best drugs to treat high blood pressure The least expensive medications may be the best for many people". November 2014. Archived from the original on 3 January 2015. Retrieved 10 January 2015.
- ^ "The Top 300 of 2022". ClinCalc. Archived from the original on 30 August 2024. Retrieved 30 August 2024.
- ^ "Hydrochlorothiazide Drug Usage Statistics, United States, 2013 - 2022". ClinCalc. Retrieved 30 August 2024.
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