Insulin

INS
Dostupne strukture PDB Pretraga ortologa: PDBe RCSB Spisak PDB ID kodova 1A7F, 1AI0, 1AIY, 1B9E, 1BEN, 1EV3, 1EV6, 1EVR, 1FU2, 1FUB, 1G7A, 1G7B, 1GUJ, 1HIQ, 1HIS, 1HIT, 1HLS, 1HTV, 1HUI, 1IOG, 1IOH, 1J73, 1JCA, 1JCO, 1K3M, 1KMF, 1LKQ, 1LPH, 1MHI, 1MHJ, 1MSO, 1OS3, 1OS4, 1Q4V, 1QIY, 1QIZ, 1QJ0, 1RWE, 1SF1, 1T1K, 1T1P, 1T1Q, 1TRZ, 1TYL, 1TYM, 1UZ9, 1VKT, 1W8P, 1XDA, 1XGL, 1XW7, 1ZEG, 1ZEH, 1ZNJ, 2AIY, 2C8Q, 2C8R, 2CEU, 2H67, 2HH4, 2HHO, 2HIU, 2JMN, 2JUM, 2JUU, 2JUV, 2JV1, 2JZQ, 2K91, 2K9R, 2KJJ, 2KJU, 2KQQ, 2KXK, 2L1Y, 2L1Z, 2LGB, 2M1D, 2M1E, 2M2M, 2M2N, 2M2O, 2M2P, 2OLY, 2OLZ, 2OM0, 2OM1, 2OMG, 2OMH, 2OMI, 2QIU, 2R34, 2R35, 2R36, 2RN5, 2VJZ, 2VK0, 2W44, 2WBY, 2WC0, 2WRU, 2WRV, 2WRW, 2WRX, 2WS0, 2WS1, 2WS4, 2WS6, 2WS7, 3AIY, 3BXQ, 3E7Y, 3E7Z, 3EXX, 3FQ9, 3I3Z, 3I40, 3ILG, 3INC, 3IR0, 3Q6E, 3ROV, 3TT8, 3U4N, 3UTQ, 3UTS, 3UTT, 3V19, 3V1G, 3W11, 3W12, 3W13, 3W7Y, 3W7Z, 3W80, 3ZI3, 3ZQR, 3ZS2, 3ZU1, 4AIY, 4AJX, 4AJZ, 4AK0, 4AKJ, 4EFX, 4EWW, 4EWX, 4EWZ, 4EX0, 4EX1, 4EXX, 4EY1, 4EY9, 4EYD, 4EYN, 4EYP, 4F0N, 4F0O, 4F1A, 4F1B, 4F1C, 4F1D, 4F1F, 4F1G, 4F4T, 4F4V, 4F51, 4F8F, 4FG3, 4FKA, 4GBC, 4GBI, 4GBK, 4GBL, 4GBN, 4IUZ, 5AIY, 2LWZ, 3JSD, 3KQ6, 3P2X, 3P33, 1JK8, 2MLI, 2MPG, 2MPI, 2MVC, 2MVD, 4CXL, 4CXN, 4CY7, 4NIB, 4OGA, 4P65, 4Q5Z, 4RXW, 4UNE, 4UNG, 4UNH, 4XC4, 4WDI, 4Z76, 4Z77, 4Z78, 2N2W, 5CO6, 5ENA, 4Y19, 5BQQ, 5BOQ, 2N2V, 5CNY, 5CO9, 5EN9, 4Y1A, 2N2X, 5BPO, 5CO2, 5BTS, 5HYJ, 5C0D,%%s1EFE, 1SJT, 1SJU, 2KQP,%%s1T0C,%%s2G54, 2G56, 3HYD, 2OMQ
Identifikatori
Aliasi	INS, IDDM, IDDM1, IDDM2, ILPR, IRDN, MODY10, insulin, inzulin, PNDM4
Vanjski ID-jevi	OMIM: 176730 MGI: 96573 HomoloGene: 173 GeneCards: INS
Lokacija gena (čovjek) Hrom. Hromosom 11 (čovjek)[1] Bend 11p15.5 Početak 2,159,779 bp[1] Kraj 2,161,221 bp[1]
Lokacija gena (miš) Hrom. Hromosom 7 (miš)[2] Bend 7 F5|7 88.0 cM Početak 142,232,393 bp[2] Kraj 142,297,118 bp[2]
Obrazac RNK ekspresije Više referentnih podataka o ekspresiji
Ontologija gena Molekularna funkcija • insulin receptor binding • vezivanje identičnih proteina • protease binding • insulin-like growth factor receptor binding • GO:0001948, GO:0016582 vezivanje za proteine • hormone activity Ćelijska komponenta • endoplasmic reticulum lumen • transport vesicle • Golđijeva membrana • secretory granule lumen • Golgi lumen • endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi intermediate compartment membrane • endosome lumen • extracellular region • Vanćelijsko Biološki proces • negative regulation of NAD(P)H oxidase activity • positive regulation of DNA replication • positive regulation of MAPK cascade • positive regulation of brown fat cell differentiation • positive regulation of cell differentiation • MAPK cascade • positive regulation of respiratory burst • positive regulation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase signaling • negative regulation of protein oligomerization • positive regulation of NF-kappaB transcription factor activity • negative regulation of respiratory burst involved in inflammatory response • cell-cell signaling • positive regulation of nitric oxide biosynthetic process • positive regulation of glycolytic process • positive regulation of nitric-oxide synthase activity • positive regulation of protein autophosphorylation • activation of protein kinase B activity • Zarastanje rana • positive regulation of mitotic nuclear division • negative regulation of feeding behavior • positive regulation of peptide hormone secretion • GO:1903363 negative regulation of protein catabolic process • positive regulation of cell migration • acute-phase response • regulation of protein secretion • positive regulation of glycogen biosynthetic process • positive regulation of protein kinase B signaling • G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway • regulation of cellular amino acid metabolic process • negative regulation of oxidative stress-induced intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway • endoplasmic reticulum to Golgi vesicle-mediated transport • negative regulation of lipid catabolic process • positive regulation of cell growth • negative regulation of glycogen catabolic process • GO:1903106 positive regulation of insulin receptor signaling pathway • glucose metabolic process • negative regulation of acute inflammatory response • negative regulation of protein secretion • positive regulation of peptidyl-tyrosine phosphorylation • glucose homeostasis • positive regulation of cell population proliferation • fatty acid homeostasis • GO:0051247, GO:0051200 positive regulation of protein metabolic process • regulation of transmembrane transporter activity • negative regulation of gluconeogenesis • negative regulation of fatty acid metabolic process • regulation of protein localization • GO:0009373 regulation of transcription, DNA-templated • positive regulation of lipid biosynthetic process • carbohydrate metabolic process • negative regulation of proteolysis • alpha-beta T cell activation • positive regulation of protein localization to nucleus • positive regulation of glucose import • GO:1901047 insulin receptor signaling pathway • GO:1901313 positive regulation of gene expression • regulation of signaling receptor activity • positive regulation of nitric oxide mediated signal transduction • regulation of synaptic plasticity • kognitivna funkcija • positive regulation of long-term synaptic potentiation • positive regulation of dendritic spine maintenance • regulation of protein localization to plasma membrane • negative regulation of reactive oxygen species biosynthetic process • neuron projection maintenance • response to L-arginine • GO:0072468 Transdukcija signala Izvori:Amigo / QuickGO
Ortolozi
Vrste	Čovjek	Miš
Entrez	3630	16334
Ensembl	ENSG00000254647	ENSMUSG00000000215
UniProt	P01308	P01326
RefSeq (mRNK)	NM_000207 NM_001185097 NM_001185098 NM_001291897	NM_001185083 NM_001185084 NM_008387
RefSeq (bjelančevina)	NP_000198 NP_001172026 NP_001172027 NP_001278826 NP_000198.1 NP_001172026.1 NP_001172027.1 NP_001278826.1 NP_000198 NP_000198 NP_000198 NP_000198	NP_001172012 NP_001172013 NP_032413
Lokacija (UCSC)	Chr 11: 2.16 – 2.16 Mb	Chr 7: 142.23 – 142.3 Mb
PubMed pretraga	[3]	[4]
Wikipodaci
Pogledaj/uredi – čovjek Pogledaj/uredi – miš

Insulin je proteinski hormon kojega luči žlijezda gušterača (pankreas), a služi za regulaciju nivoa šećera u krvi, te metabolizam ugljikohidrata i masti u tijelu. Skladištenje glukoze u mišićima i u jetri (glikogeneza) je omogućeno zahvaljujući insulinu,kao i regulisanje sinteze novog šećera koji ulazi iz jetre u krvotok (glikogenoliza). U tijelu postoje tri skladišna mjesta: mišićni glikogen, jetreni glikogen i masno tkivo. Šećer, bez insulina ili ako ga je premalo, ne može nikako, ili samo djelomično, dospjeti u tjelesne ćelije. Razina šećera u krvi mjeri se nakon 12 sati gladovanja (natašte). Normalna koncentracija šećera u krvi iznosi 3,75 - 6,0 mmol/L (67 – 108 mg%). Insulin se ubraja u skupinu tvari koje se zovu hormoni. To znači da se hormoni izlučuju u krvotok, kojim dospijevaju u sve dijelove organizma. Na taj način nadgledaju rad organa. Gušterača se sastoji od dva dijela:

• veći dio, (egzokrini dio) gušterače, proizvodi i u tanko crijevo luči niz enzima potrebnih za razgradnju hrane
• manji dijelovi gušterače zovu se Langerhansovi otočići, jer izgledaju kao mali otočići rasprostranjeni po egzokrinom dijelu gušterače.

Za kontrolu razine šećera u krvi zaduženi su upravo ti otočići, te ih proizvodnjom i izlučivanjem dva hormona stalno održavaju unutar granica normale. Ako razina glukoze ide prema gornjoj granici, počinje se u krv otpuštati insulin, a učinak toga je spuštanje razine glukoze. Kada se razina glukoze približava donjim granicama, prestaje otpuštanje insulina i počinje se lučiti drugi hormon, glukagon. Njegov je učinak suprotan učinku insulina. Glukagon podiže razinu šećera u krvi.

Kada dođe do povećanja nivoa šećera u krvi,usljed nepravilnog lučenja insulina u tijelu razvija se dijabetes ili šećerna bolest (latinski: diabetes melitus).Dijabetes postoji u dva oblika:

• kod šećerne bolesti tipa 1 dolazi do prestanka rada Langerhansovih otočića,te tijelo ne može proizvoditi vlastiti insulin pa ga je neophodno nadomjestiti; u ovu grupu spada 5-10% bolesnika.
• Kod pacijenata sa šećernom bolesti tipa 2 tijelo ne može održati normalne vrijednosti insulina, tako da organizam nema dovoljnu količinu ovog hormona. Kada se kod takvih pacijenata više ne uspije održati normalna razina glukoze u krvi započinje se s insulinskom terapijom; u ovu grupu spada 90-95% bolesnika. Dijabetes se danas ubraja među najčešća endokrinska oboljenja, s učestalošću u stalnom porastu.

1. ^ ^{a b c} GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000254647 - Ensembl, maj 2017
2. ^ ^{a b c} GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000000215 - Ensembl, maj 2017
3. ^ "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
4. ^ "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.