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Lidar

For other uses, see Lidar (disambiguation).
Lidar-derived image of Marching Bears Mound Group, Effigy Mounds National Monument, United States
A frequency addition source of optical radiation (FASOR) used at the Starfire Optical Range for lidar and laser guide star experiments is tuned to the sodium D2a line and used to excite sodium atoms in the upper atmosphere.
This lidar may be used to scan buildings, rock formations, et cetera, to produce a 3D model. The lidar can aim its laser beam in a wide range: its head rotates horizontally; a mirror tilts vertically. The laser beam is used to measure the distance to the first object on its path.
An airplane collecting treetop data over a Brazilian rainforest
In this view, the viewer flies down to the rainforest canopy and flies through the virtual leaves.
This visualisation shows an airplane collecting a 50 km swathe of lidar data over the Brazilian rainforest. For ground-level features, colours range from deep brown to tan. Vegetation heights are depicted in shades of green, where dark greens are closest to the ground and light greens are the highest.

Lidar (/ˈlaɪdɑːr/, also LIDAR, an acronym of "light detection and ranging"[1] or "laser imaging, detection, and ranging"[2]) is a method for determining ranges by targeting an object or a surface with a laser and measuring the time for the reflected light to return to the receiver. Lidar may operate in a fixed direction (e.g., vertical) or it may scan multiple directions, in a special combination of 3-D scanning and laser scanning.[3]

Lidar has terrestrial, airborne, and mobile applications.[4][5] It is commonly used to make high-resolution maps, with applications in surveying, geodesy, geomatics, archaeology, geography, geology, geomorphology, seismology, forestry, atmospheric physics,[6] laser guidance, airborne laser swathe mapping (ALSM), and laser altimetry. It is used to make digital 3-D representations of areas on the Earth's surface and ocean bottom of the intertidal and near coastal zone by varying the wavelength of light. It has also been increasingly used in control and navigation for autonomous cars[7] and for the helicopter Ingenuity on its record-setting flights over the terrain of Mars.[8] Lidar has since been used extensively for atmospheric research and meteorology. Lidar instruments fitted to aircraft and satellites carry out surveying and mapping – a recent example being the U.S. Geological Survey Experimental Advanced Airborne Research Lidar.[9] NASA has identified lidar as a key technology for enabling autonomous precision safe landing of future robotic and crewed lunar-landing vehicles.[10]

The evolution of quantum technology has given rise to the emergence of Quantum Lidar, demonstrating higher efficiency and sensitivity when compared to conventional lidar systems.[11]

  1. ^ National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (26 February 2021). "What is LIDAR". oceanservice.noaa.gov. US Department of Commerce. Retrieved 15 March 2021.
  2. ^ Travis S. Taylor (2019). Introduction to Laser Science and Engineering. CRC Press
  3. ^ Jie Shan and Charles K. Toth (2018). Topographic Laser Ranging and Scanning: Principles and Processing (2nd ed.). CRC Press
  4. ^ "Adoption of gallium-based lidar sensors gathers pace". www.argusmedia.com. 2021-06-29. Retrieved 2021-07-14.
  5. ^ "Ecologists compare accuracy of Lidar technologies for monitoring forest vegetation: Findings suggest mobile platforms have great potential for monitoring a variety of forest attributes". ScienceDaily. Retrieved 2021-07-14.
  6. ^ Cracknell, Arthur P.; Hayes, Ladson (2007) [1991]. Introduction to Remote Sensing (2 ed.). London: Taylor and Francis. ISBN 978-0-8493-9255-9. OCLC 70765252.
  7. ^ Lim, Hazel Si Min; Taeihagh, Araz (2019). "Algorithmic Decision-Making in AVs: Understanding Ethical and Technical Concerns for Smart Cities". Sustainability. 11 (20): 5791. arXiv:1910.13122. Bibcode:2019Sust...11.5791L. doi:10.3390/su11205791.
  8. ^ "How NASA Designed a Helicopter That Could Fly Autonomously on Mars". IEEE Spectrum. 17 February 2021. Archived from the original on 19 February 2021. Retrieved 19 February 2021.
  9. ^ "Experimental Advanced Advanced Research Lidar", USGS.gov. Retrieved 8 August 2007.
  10. ^ Amzajerdian, Farzin; Pierrottet, Diego F.; Petway, Larry B.; Hines, Glenn D.; Roback, Vincent E. (2011-05-24). "Lidar systems for precision navigation and safe landing on planetary bodies". International Symposium on Photoelectronic Detection and Imaging 2011: Laser Sensing and Imaging; and Biological and Medical Applications of Photonics Sensing and Imaging. Vol. 8192. p. 819202. Bibcode:2011SPIE.8192E..02A. doi:10.1117/12.904062. hdl:2060/20110012163. S2CID 28483836. Retrieved May 24, 2011.
  11. ^ Gallego Torromé, Ricardo; Barzanjeh, Shabir (2023). "Advances in quantum radar and quantum LiDAR". Progress in Quantum Electronics. 93: 100497. arXiv:2310.07198. doi:10.1016/j.pquantelec.2023.100497.

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