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Methoxyflurane
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| Clinical data | |
|---|---|
| Trade names | Penthrox, Penthrane, Metofane, others |
| Other names | 2,2-dichloro-1,1-difluoroethyl methyl ether |
| AHFS/Drugs.com | Consumer Drug Information |
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| Routes of administration | Inhalation |
| Drug class | Volatile anesthetic |
| ATC code | |
| Legal status | |
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| Pharmacokinetic data | |
| Metabolism | 70% |
| Onset of action | Rapid[4] |
| Duration of action | Several minutes[4] |
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| CAS Number | |
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| CompTox Dashboard (EPA) | |
| ECHA InfoCard | 100.000.870 |
| Chemical and physical data | |
| Formula | C3H4Cl2F2O |
| Molar mass | 164.96 g·mol−1 |
| 3D model (JSmol) | |
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Methoxyflurane, sold under the brand name Penthrox among others, is an inhaled medication primarily used to reduce pain following trauma.[5][6] It may also be used for short episodes of pain as a result of medical procedures.[4] Onset of pain relief is rapid and of a short duration.[4] Use is only recommended with direct medical supervision.[5]
Common side effects include anxiety, headache, sleepiness, cough, and nausea.[5] Serious side effects may include kidney problems, liver problems, low blood pressure, and malignant hyperthermia.[5][4] It is unclear if it is safe in either pregnancy or breastfeeding.[5] It is only recommended in those who have a normal level of consciousness and stable blood pressure and heart rate.[4] It is classified as a volatile anaesthetic.[4]
It was first made in 1948 by William T. Miller and came into medical use in the 1960s.[7] It was used as a general anesthetic from its introduction in 1960 until the late 1970s.[8] In 1999, the manufacturer discontinued methoxyflurane in the United States, and in 2005 the Food and Drug Administration withdrew it from the market.[8] It is still used in New Zealand, Australia, Ireland, and the United Kingdom for pain.[9][4][10][5][11]
- ^ Anvisa (31 March 2023). "RDC Nº 784 - Listas de Substâncias Entorpecentes, Psicotrópicas, Precursoras e Outras sob Controle Especial" [Collegiate Board Resolution No. 784 - Lists of Narcotic, Psychotropic, Precursor, and Other Substances under Special Control] (in Brazilian Portuguese). Diário Oficial da União (published 4 April 2023). Archived from the original on 3 August 2023. Retrieved 16 August 2023.
- ^ "Regulatory Decision Summary for Penthrox". 23 October 2014.
- ^ "List of nationally authorised medicinal products : Active substance: methoxyflurane : Procedure no. PSUSA/00010484/202005" (PDF). Ema.europa.eu. Retrieved 12 March 2022.
- ^ a b c d e f g h National Prescribing Service (2010). "Methoxyflurane (Penthrox) for analgesia (doctor's bag listing)". NPS RADAR. Canberra, Australia: National Prescribing Service, Department of Health and Ageing. Archived from the original on 27 July 2011. Retrieved 12 June 2011.
- ^ a b c d e f British national formulary : BNF 76 (76 ed.). Pharmaceutical Press. 2018. pp. X. ISBN 9780857113382.
- ^ Jephcott C, Grummet J, Nguyen N, Spruyt O (May 2018). "A review of the safety and efficacy of inhaled methoxyflurane as an analgesic for outpatient procedures". British Journal of Anaesthesia. 120 (5): 1040–1048. doi:10.1016/j.bja.2018.01.011. PMID 29661381.
- ^ Hardman JG, Hopkins PM, Struys MM (2017). Oxford Textbook of Anaesthesia. Oxford University Press. p. 553. ISBN 9780199642045.
- ^ a b Mazze RI (October 2006). "Methoxyflurane revisited: tale of an anesthetic from cradle to grave". Anesthesiology. 105 (4): 843–846. doi:10.1097/00000542-200610000-00031. PMID 17006084.
- ^ "NZ Medsafe Datasheet" (PDF). Medsafe.govt.nz. Retrieved 12 March 2022.
- ^ PHECC Clinical Practice Guidelines (6 ed.). Pre-Hospital Emergency Care Council. March 2017. p. 100. ISBN 978-0-9929363-6-5. Retrieved 7 January 2019.
- ^ Porter KM, Siddiqui MK, Sharma I, Dickerson S, Eberhardt A (2018). "Management of trauma pain in the emergency setting: low-dose methoxyflurane or nitrous oxide? A systematic review and indirect treatment comparison". Journal of Pain Research. 11: 11–21. doi:10.2147/JPR.S150600. PMC 5741984. PMID 29302193.
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