Professional

A professional is a member of a profession or any person who works in a specified professional activity. The term also describes the standards of education and training that prepare members of the profession with the particular knowledge and skills necessary to perform their specific role within that profession. In addition, most professionals are subject to strict codes of conduct, enshrining rigorous ethical and moral obligations.^[1] Professional standards of practice and ethics for a particular field are typically agreed upon and maintained through widely recognized professional associations, such as the IEEE.^[2] Some definitions of "professional" limit this term to those professions that serve some important aspect of public interest^[3] and the general good of society.^[4]^[5]

In some cultures, the term is used as shorthand to describe a particular social stratum of well-educated workers who enjoy considerable work autonomy and who are commonly engaged in creative and intellectually challenging work.^[6]^[7]^[8]^[9]

^ Postema, Gerald J. (1980). "Moral responsibility in professional ethics". N.Y.U. L. Rev. 55. Retrieved 26 March 2016.
^ "IEEE.org Index Page". IEEE.ORG. Archived from the original on 15 May 2015. Retrieved 26 March 2016.
^ Harvey, L.; Mason, S.; Ward, R. (1995). Role of Professional Bodies in Higher Education Quality Monitoring. Birmingham: Quality in Higher Education Project. ISBN 1-85920-108-3.
^ Sullivan, William M. (2nd ed. 2005). Work and Integrity: The Crisis and Promise of Professionalism in America. Jossey Bass.
^ Gardner, Howard and Shulman, Lee S., The Professions in America Today: Crucial but Fragile. Daedalus, Summer 2005. (pgs. 13–14)
^ Gilbert, D. (1998). The American class structure: In an age of growing inequality. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Press.
^ Beeghley, L. (2004). The structure of social stratification in the United States. Boston: Allyn & Bacon.
^ Eichar, D. (1989). Occupation and Class Consciousness in America. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. ISBN 978-0-313-26111-4
^ Ehrenreich, B. (1989). Fear of falling: The inner life of the middle class. New York: Harper Perennial.

[1] Postema, Gerald J. (1980). "Moral responsibility in professional ethics". N.Y.U. L. Rev. 55. Retrieved 26 March 2016.

[2] "IEEE.org Index Page". IEEE.ORG. Archived from the original on 15 May 2015. Retrieved 26 March 2016.

[Harvey_1995-3] Harvey, L.; Mason, S.; Ward, R. (1995). Role of Professional Bodies in Higher Education Quality Monitoring. Birmingham: Quality in Higher Education Project. ISBN 1-85920-108-3.

[Sullivan-4] Sullivan, William M. (2nd ed. 2005). Work and Integrity: The Crisis and Promise of Professionalism in America. Jossey Bass.

[Gardner-5] Gardner, Howard and Shulman, Lee S., The Professions in America Today: Crucial but Fragile. Daedalus, Summer 2005. (pgs. 13–14)

[Gilbert-6] Gilbert, D. (1998). The American class structure: In an age of growing inequality. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Press.

[Beeghley-7] Beeghley, L. (2004). The structure of social stratification in the United States. Boston: Allyn & Bacon.

[Eichar-8] Eichar, D. (1989). Occupation and Class Consciousness in America. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. ISBN 978-0-313-26111-4

[Ehrenreich-9] Ehrenreich, B. (1989). Fear of falling: The inner life of the middle class. New York: Harper Perennial.

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