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Trematodiasis

Trematodiases
Egg of trematode, Schistosoma sp., found in liver tissue
SpecialtyInfectious disease
SymptomsChest pain, Abdominal pain, Fever, digestion issues, Cough, Diarrhea, change in appetite [1][2]
CausesTrematoda
Diagnostic methodImmunodiagnosis, Parasitological diagnosis [3]
PreventionEducation, food safety practices [1]
MedicationPraziquantel, Triclabendazole[1]
Frequency200000 (2018) [1]
Deaths7000 (2018) [1]

Trematodiasis is a group of parasitic infections caused by different species of flukes, in humans mainly by digenean trematodes.[4] Symptoms can range from mild to severe depending on the species, number and location of trematodes in the infected organism.[1] Symptoms depend on the type of trematode present, and include chest and abdominal pain, high temperature, digestion issues, cough and shortness of breath, diarrhoea and change in appetite.[1][2]

Trematodiases can be transmitted through food or water that contains larval forms of the parasite.[1][5] Infections can be transmitted through aquatic organisms which act as a host for the maturity of the parasite.[5] Foodborne trematodiasis is transmitted when organisms ingest contaminated undercooked food including aquatic plants and organisms.[1][2] Other trematodiases caused by the blood flukes of the genus Schistosoma are transmitted by contact with water contaminated by swimming larvae of a different stage of development or infective stage than in foodborne trematodes.[6][7] This article focuses on foodborne trematodiases.

Trematodiases can be prevented and controlled through public health programs aimed at educating people about how contaminated water and food can lead to infections.[3] Education programs include raising awareness about the transmission of trematodiases through the consumption of food that is not cooked well such as fish, molluscs, and other aquatic animals and plants.[5] Sanitation and distribution of clean water are also used to control the spread of trematodiases on a larger scale.[8]

Foodborne trematodiases that involve the lung, liver and intestines are classified as a neglected tropical disease,[8][9] as is schistosomiasis.[7] Cases of trematodiases that can be transmitted through food has affected over 70 countries globally, with the most impacted countries located in Latin America and Asia.[1] According to the World Health Organization recorded that there are approximately 200,000 cases of foodborne trematodiases that are caused by four kinds of trematodes: Clonorchis, Fasciola, Opisthorchis, and Paragonimus.[1] The majority of cases are from East and Southeast Asia.[9] Schistosomiasis is an environmentally-acquired trematodiasis accounting for over 200 million cases annually, most of which are in Africa.[10] The urinary blood fluke (Schistosoma haematobium), the Southeast Asian liver fluke (Opisthorchis viverrini) and the Chinese liver fluke (Clonorchis sinensis) are recognised by the International Agency for Research on Cancer as a Group 1 biological carcinogens in humans.[11]

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k "Foodborne trematodiases". www.who.int. Archived from the original on April 30, 2018. Retrieved 2020-05-29.
  2. ^ a b c "CDC - Liver Flukes". www.cdc.gov. 2019-04-18. Retrieved 2020-05-29.
  3. ^ a b Keiser, Jennifer; Utzinger, Jürg (2009). "Food-Borne Trematodiases". Clinical Microbiology Reviews. 22 (3): 466–483. doi:10.1128/CMR.00012-09. PMC 2708390. PMID 19597009.
  4. ^ Liu, Bailu; Li, Li; Shu, Song; Xiao, Yi; Pan, Jiangfeng (2017), LI, Hongjun (ed.), "Trematodiasis", Radiology of Parasitic Diseases: A Practical Approach, Springer Netherlands, pp. 205–243, doi:10.1007/978-94-024-0911-6_10, ISBN 978-94-024-0911-6
  5. ^ a b c Khurana, Sumeeta; Malla, Nancy (2013-09-26), "Water- and Food-Borne Trematodiases in Humans", Water and Health, Springer India, pp. 219–227, ISBN 978-81-322-1028-3
  6. ^ Doughty, Barbara L. (1996). "Chapter 88: Schistosomes and Other Trematodes". In Baron, Samuel (ed.). Medical Microbiology (Fourth ed.). University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston. ISBN 0-9631172-1-1. PMID 21413291. NLM Bookshelf ID NBK8037. Retrieved 9 December 2024 – via National Library of Medicine.
  7. ^ a b "About Schistosomiasis". U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 17 June 2024. Retrieved 9 December 2024.
  8. ^ a b Tandon, Veena; Shylla, Jollin A.; Ghatani, Sudeep; Athokpam, Voleentina D.; Sahu, Ranjana (2014-12-05). "Neglected Tropical Diseases: Trematodiases—The Indian Scenario". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, India Section B: Biological Sciences. 85 (4): 901–907. doi:10.1007/s40011-014-0465-x. S2CID 16923049.
  9. ^ a b Fürst, Thomas; Yongvanit, Puangrat; Khuntikeo, Narong; Lun, Zhao-Rong; Haagsma, Juanita A.; Torgerson, Paul R.; Odermatt, Peter; Bürli, Christine; Chitnis, Nakul (2019), Utzinger, Jürg; Yap, Peiling; Bratschi, Martin; Steinmann, Peter (eds.), "Food-borne Trematodiases in East Asia: Epidemiology and Burden", Neglected Tropical Diseases - East Asia, Neglected Tropical Diseases, Springer International Publishing, pp. 13–38, doi:10.1007/978-3-030-12008-5_2, ISBN 978-3-030-12008-5, S2CID 189968139
  10. ^ "Schistosomiasis". www.who.int. Retrieved 2022-11-10.
  11. ^ Lalchhandama, K. (2017). "The making of oncology: The trinity of true carcinogenic worms". Science Vision. 17 (2): 94–103. doi:10.33493/scivis.17.02.05. ISSN 2229-6026.

Trematodiasis

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