Medieval European magic

The term "magic" in the Middle Ages encompassed a variety of concepts and practices, ranging from mystical rituals calling upon supernatural forces to herbal medicine and other mundane applications of what are today considered the natural sciences.^[1] Magic could have both positive and negative connotations, and could be practiced across European society by monks, priests, physicians, surgeons, midwives, folk healers, and diviners.^[2] People had strongly differing opinions as to what magic was,^[3] and because of this, it is important to understand all aspects of magic at this time.

^ Medievalists.net (2021-09-04). "Everyday Magic in the Middle Ages". Medievalists.net. Retrieved 2022-02-24.
^ Kieckhefer, Richard (2014). Magic in the Middle Ages (2nd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 56. ISBN 978-1-107-43182-9.
^ Maguire, Henry (1997). "Magic and Money in the Early Middle Ages". Speculum. 72 (4): 1037–1054. doi:10.2307/2865957. JSTOR 2865957. S2CID 162305252.

[1] Medievalists.net (2021-09-04). "Everyday Magic in the Middle Ages". Medievalists.net. Retrieved 2022-02-24.

[2] Kieckhefer, Richard (2014). Magic in the Middle Ages (2nd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 56. ISBN 978-1-107-43182-9.

[:12-3] Maguire, Henry (1997). "Magic and Money in the Early Middle Ages". Speculum. 72 (4): 1037–1054. doi:10.2307/2865957. JSTOR 2865957. S2CID 162305252.

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Medieval European magic

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