Residual-current device

Residual-current device

Basic diagram 1: Electromagnet 2: Current transformer secondary winding 3: Transformer core 4: Test push-button L: Line conductor N: Neutral conductor

A residual-current device (RCD), residual-current circuit breaker (RCCB) or ground fault circuit interrupter (GFCI)^[a] is an electrical safety device, more specifically a form of Earth-leakage circuit breaker, that interrupts an electrical circuit when the current passing through line and neutral conductors of a circuit is not equal (the term residual relating to the imbalance), therefore indicating current leaking to ground, or to an unintended path that bypasses the protective device. The device's purpose is to reduce the severity of injury caused by an electric shock.^[1] This type of circuit interrupter cannot protect a person who touches both circuit conductors at the same time, since it then cannot distinguish normal current from that passing through a person.^[2]

A residual-current circuit breaker with integrated overcurrent protection (RCBO) combines RCD protection with additional overcurrent protection into the same device.

These devices are designed to quickly interrupt the protected circuit when it detects that the electric current is unbalanced between the supply and return conductors of the circuit. Any difference between the currents in these conductors indicates leakage current, which presents a shock hazard. Alternating 60 Hz current above 20 mA (0.020 amperes) through the human body is potentially sufficient to cause cardiac arrest or serious harm if it persists for more than a small fraction of a second. RCDs are designed to disconnect the conducting wires ("trip") quickly enough to potentially prevent serious injury to humans, and to prevent damage to electrical devices.

• 
  A two-pole, or double-pole, residual-current device. The test button and connect/disconnect switch are colored blue. A fault will trigger the switch to its off (down) position, which in this device would disconnect both conductors.
• 
  Log–log graph of the effect of alternating current I of duration T passing from left hand to feet as defined in IEC 60479-1^[3]
• 
  Typical GFCI receptacle found in North America

Cite error: There are <ref group=lower-alpha> tags or {{efn}} templates on this page, but the references will not show without a {{reflist|group=lower-alpha}} template or {{notelist}} template (see the help page).