1952 United States House of Representatives elections

1952 United States House of Representatives elections

← 1950 November 4, 1952[a] 1954 →
All 435 seats in the United States House of Representatives 218 seats needed for a majority
Majority party Minority party   Leader Joseph Martin Sam Rayburn Party Republican Democratic Leader since January 3, 1939 September 16, 1940 Leader's seat Massachusetts 14th Texas 4th Last election 199 seats 235 seats Seats won 221 213 Seat change 22 22 Popular vote 28,393,794 28,642,537 Percentage 49.3% 49.8% Swing 0.4% 0.2%   Third party   Party Independent Last election 1 seat Seats won 1 Seat change Popular vote 111,780 Percentage 0.2% Swing 0.1%
Results:      Democratic hold      Democratic gain      Republican hold      Republican gain      Independent hold
Speaker before election Sam Rayburn Democratic Elected Speaker Joseph Martin Republican

The 1952 United States House of Representatives elections was an election for the United States House of Representatives to elect members to serve in the 83rd United States Congress. They were held for the most part on November 4, 1952, while Maine held theirs on September 8. This was the first election after the congressional reapportionment based on the 1950 census. It also coincided with the election of President Dwight Eisenhower. Eisenhower's Republican Party gained 22 seats from the Democratic Party, gaining a majority of the House. However, the Democrats had almost 250,000 more votes (0.4%) thanks to overwhelming margins in the Solid South, although this election did see the first Republican elected to the House from North Carolina since 1928,^[1] and the first Republicans elected from Virginia since 1930.^[2] It was also the last election when both major parties increased their share of the popular vote simultaneously, largely due to the disintegration of the American Labor Party and other third parties.

Outgoing President Harry Truman's dismal approval rating was one reason why his party lost its House majority. Also, continued uneasiness about the Korean War was an important factor. Joseph Martin (R-Massachusetts) became Speaker of the House, exchanging places with Sam Rayburn (D-Texas), who became the new Minority Leader.

This was the last time Republicans won control of the House of Representatives until 1994, despite the GOP controlling the presidency for the majority of the next four decades, Democrats outperformed in down-ballot elections, especially in the South, which had started to drift towards Republican presidential candidates. As of 2025, this is the last time the House changed partisan control during a presidential election, and the last time both houses did so simultaneously. This marked one of only two times in the 20th century in which the Republicans won a House majority without winning the popular vote, with the other time being in 1996;^[3] it was also one of four times where either party did so in the 20th century, with the other three instances occurring in 1914, 1942, and 1996.^[4][5]

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