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1955 System
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The 1955 system (55年体制), also known as the one-and-a-half party system, is a term used by scholars to describe the dominant-party system that has existed in Japan since 1955, in which the Liberal Democratic Party (LDP) has successfully held by itself or in coalition with Komeito (since 1999) a majority government nearly uninterrupted,[1][2] with opposition parties largely incapable of forming significant or long lasting alternatives, other than for brief stints in 1993–1994 and 2009–2012.[3][4][5] The terms 1955 system and the one-and-a-half party system are credited to Junnosuke Masumi, who described the 1955 system as "a grand political dam into which the history of Japanese politics surge".[6]
The years of Japan under the 1955 regime witnessed high economic growth, but it also led to the dominance of the ruling party in the Diet, with an undergirded tight connection between the bureaucracy and the business sector. Due to a series of LDP scandals and the 1992 burst of the Japanese asset price bubble, the LDP lost its majority in the House of Representatives in the 1993 general election, which initially signalled the end of the 1955 system. However, the left-wing Japan Socialist Party, the long-time opposition which finally gained a majority, would soon lose much of its support after it decided to form a coalition government with the arch-rival LDP just a year later, leading to the JSP being refounded as the SDP in 1996, and its coalition partner regaining power. The LDP briefly lost power again in 2009 to the now defunct Democratic Party of Japan before subsequently regaining it in 2012, retaining power up to the present day.
In the modern day, Japanese politics often take form of a 1955-like system; although the formation of third parties and poles of opposition may be more frequent. Examples include Nippon Ishin no Kai, the Japan Restoration Party, and Kibō no Tō. These parties often take up a more ambivalent stance to the LDP, agreeing to cooperate on some policies. Numerous small groups also fade in and out of the system. The current main opposition to the LDP is the Constitutional Democratic Party of Japan, a re-foundation of the 2017 party which came from liberal Democratic Party splinters.
- ^ Curtis, Gerald L. (1999). The Logic of Japanese Politics: Leaders, Institutions, and the Limits of Change. Columbia University Press. pp. ix–xii, 245–251. JSTOR 10.7312/curt10842.
- ^ Adam P. Liff, Ko Maeda. Electoral incentives, policy compromise, and coalition durability: Japan's LDP–Komeito Government in a mixed electoral system. Cambridge University Press, 2018. https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/japanese-journal-of-political-science/article/electoral-incentives-policy-compromise-and-coalition-durability-japans-ldpkomeito-government-in-a-mixed-electoral-system/D153792B61853FAC9AF38A20E5076D32
- ^ Scheiner, Ethan (2006). Democracy Without Competition in Japan: Opposition Failure in a One-Party Dominant State. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-84692-9.
- ^ Johnson, Stephen (2013). Opposition Politics in Japan: Strategies Under a One-Party Dominant Regime. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-136-28918-7.
- ^ Pempel, T. J., ed. (2019). Uncommon Democracies: The One-Party Dominant Regimes. Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-0-8014-2367-3.
- ^ Masumi, Junnosuke (1985). Gendai seiji jo: 1955-nen igo 現代政治 上—1955年以後 [Modern Politics (First Volume): Post–1955] (in Japanese) (1st ed.). University of Tokyo Press. ISBN 978-4130330268. OCLC 15423787.
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