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863 Program
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The 863 program (Chinese: 863计划) or State High-Tech Development Plan (Chinese: 国家高技术研究发展计划) was a program funded and administered by the government of the People's Republic of China intended to stimulate the development of advanced technologies in a wide range of fields for the purpose of rendering China independent of financial obligations for foreign technologies.[1] It was inspired by the Strategic Defense Initiative proposed by U.S. President Ronald Reagan in 1983, and was absorbed alongside Program 973 into the "National Key R&D Program" in 2016.[2][3][4]
On March 3, 1986, the program was suggested by Wang Daheng, Wang Ganchang, Yang Jiachi, and Chen Fangyun in a letter to China's paramount leader Deng Xiaoping, who approved the program within 2 days.[5][6] The program was initially led by Zhao Ziyang, who was the Premier of China at the time, and received a governmental fund of 10 billion RMB in 1986, which accounts for 5% of the total government spending that year.[3][6][7] According to the US National Counterintelligence and Security Center, the 863 program "provides funding and guidance for efforts to clandestinely acquire US technology and sensitive economic information."[8]
Among the products known to have resulted from the 863 program are the Loongson computer processor family (originally named Godson), the Tianhe supercomputers and the Shenzhou spacecraft.[9][10]
- ^ Wu, Hequan (6 August 2002). "The progress of communication technology subject of hi-tech research development plan of China". WCC 2000 - ICCT 2000. 2000 International Conference on Communication Technology Proceedings (Cat. No.00EX420). Vol. 1. Beijing. pp. 3–4. doi:10.1109/ICCT.2000.889157. ISBN 0-7803-6394-9. S2CID 60832883.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ Zhi, Qiang; Pearson, Margaret M. (July 2017). "China's Hybrid Adaptive Bureaucracy: The Case of the 863 Program for Science and Technology" (PDF). Governance. 30 (3): 407–424. doi:10.1111/gove.12245. S2CID 152280888. Archived (PDF) from the original on 20 September 2022. Retrieved 29 November 2019.
- ^ a b Gewirtz, Julian (February 2019). "The Futurists of Beijing: Alvin Toffler, Zhao Ziyang, and China's "New Technological Revolution," 1979–1991". The Journal of Asian Studies. 78 (1): 115–140. doi:10.1017/S0021911818002619. ISSN 0021-9118.
- ^ "Press Conference on the "Launch and Implementation of the National Key R&D Program": Summary Transcript". Center for Security and Emerging Technology. 13 September 2021. Archived from the original on 3 October 2023. Retrieved 6 January 2024.
- ^ "Ministry of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China". www.most.gov.cn. Archived from the original on 6 January 2023. Retrieved 29 November 2019.
- ^ a b "1986年邓小平亲自决策启动"863"计划--邓小平纪念网--人民网". cpc.people.com.cn. Archived from the original on 20 September 2022. Retrieved 29 November 2019.
- ^ Karplus, Valerie J.; Deng, Xing Wang (17 December 2007). Agricultural Biotechnology in China: Origins and Prospects. Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN 978-0-387-71138-6. Archived from the original on 5 January 2024. Retrieved 27 November 2021.
- ^ "Foreign Spies Stealing US Economic Secrets in Cyberspace: Report to Congress on Foreign Economic Collection and Industrial Espionage, 2009-2011" (PDF). Office of the National Counterintelligence Executive. October 2011. Archived (PDF) from the original on 29 December 2023. Retrieved 4 January 2024.
- ^ "Designing Quad-Core Loongson-3 Processor". english.ict.cas.cn. Archived from the original on 22 September 2022. Retrieved 29 November 2019.
- ^ "Scientific Innovation and China's Military Modernization". thediplomat.com. Archived from the original on 3 October 2022. Retrieved 29 November 2019.
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