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Abraham
Abraham | |
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אַבְרָהָם | |
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| Known for | Namesake of the Abrahamic religions: traditional founder of the Jewish nation,[1][2] spiritual ancestor of Christians,[3] major Islamic prophet,[4] Manifestation of God and originator of monotheistic faith in Baháʼí Faith,[5] third spokesman (natiq) prophet of Druzes[6] |
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Abraham[a] (originally Abram)[b] is the common Hebrew patriarch of the Abrahamic religions, including Judaism, Christianity, and Islam.[7] In Judaism, he is the founding father of the special relationship between the Jews and God; in Christianity, he is the spiritual progenitor of all believers, whether Jewish or non-Jewish;[c][8] and in Islam, he is a link in the chain of Islamic prophets that begins with Adam and culminates in Muhammad.[4] As the namesake of the Abrahamic religions, Abraham is also revered in other Abrahamic religions, such as the Druze faith and the Baháʼí Faith.[6][5]
The story of the life of Abraham, as told in the narrative of the Book of Genesis in the Hebrew Bible, revolves around the themes of posterity and land. He is said to have been called by God to leave the house of his father Terah and settle in the land of Canaan, which God now promises to Abraham and his progeny. This promise is subsequently inherited by Isaac, Abraham's son by his wife Sarah, while Isaac's half-brother Ishmael is also promised that he will be the founder of a great nation. Abraham purchases a tomb (the Cave of the Patriarchs) at Hebron to be Sarah's grave, thus establishing his right to the land; and, in the second generation, his heir Isaac is married to a woman from his own kin to earn his parents' approval. Abraham later marries Keturah and has six more sons; but, on his death, when he is buried beside Sarah, it is Isaac who receives "all Abraham's goods" while the other sons receive only "gifts".[9]
Most scholars view the patriarchal age, along with the Exodus and the period of the biblical judges, as a late literary construct that does not relate to any particular historical era,[10] and after a century of exhaustive archaeological investigation, no evidence has been found for a historical Abraham.[11][12] It is largely concluded that the Torah, the series of books that includes Genesis, was composed during the early Persian period, c. 500 BC, as a result of tensions between Jewish landowners who had stayed in Judah during the Babylonian captivity and traced their right to the land through their "father Abraham", and the returning exiles who based their counterclaim on Moses and the Exodus tradition of the Israelites.[13]
- ^ Levenson 2012, p. 3.
- ^ Mendes-Flohr 2005.
- ^ Levenson 2012, p. 6.
- ^ a b Levenson 2012, p. 8.
- ^ a b Smith 2000a, p. 22, 231.
- ^ a b Swayd 2009, p. 3.
- ^ McCarter 2000, p. 8.
- ^ Wright 2010, p. 72.
- ^ Ska 2009, pp. 26–31.
- ^ McNutt 1999, pp. 41–42.
- ^ Dever 2001, p. 98.
- ^ Frevel, Christian. History of Ancient Israel. Atlanta, Georgia. SBL Press. 2023. p. 38. ISBN 9781628375138. "[I]t cannot be proven or excluded that there have been historical persons named Abraham, Sarai, Ishmael, Isaac, Rebekah, Jacob, Rachel, Leah, and so on."
- ^ Ska 2006, pp. 227–228, 260.
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