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Adderall

This article is about a common mixture of amphetamine salts. For general information about the drug and its racemate, see Amphetamine. For the 2023 EP by Slipknot, see Adderall (EP).

Amphetamine/dextroamphetamine
salt mixture (1:1)[note 1]
an image of the amphetamine skeletal formula
a 3d image of the dextroamphetamine compound found in Adderall
Top: racemic amphetamine skeleton
Bottom: (D)-amphetamine ball-and-stick model
Combination of
amphetamine aspartate monohydrate25% – stimulant
(12.5% levo; 12.5% dextro)
amphetamine sulfate25% – stimulant
(12.5% levo; 12.5% dextro)
dextroamphetamine saccharate25% – stimulant
(0% levo; 25% dextro)
dextroamphetamine sulfate25% – stimulant
(0% levo; 25% dextro)
Clinical data
Trade namesAdderall, Adderall XR, Mydayis
Other namesMixed amphetamine salts; MAS
AHFS/Drugs.comMonograph
MedlinePlusa601234
License data
Dependence
liability		Moderate[3][4] – high[5][6][7]
Routes of
administration		By mouth, insufflation, rectal, sublingual
Drug classCNS stimulant
ATC code
Legal status
Legal status
Pharmacokinetic data
BioavailabilityOral: ~90%[10]
Identifiers
CAS Number
PubChem CID
IUPHAR/BPS
DrugBank
ChemSpider
UNII
KEGG
ChEBI
ChEMBL
  (verify)

Adderall and Mydayis[11] are trade names[note 2] for a combination drug containing four salts of amphetamine. The mixture is composed of equal parts racemic amphetamine and dextroamphetamine, which produces a (3:1) ratio between dextroamphetamine and levoamphetamine, the two enantiomers of amphetamine.[13] Both enantiomers are stimulants, but differ enough to give Adderall an effects profile distinct from those of racemic amphetamine or dextroamphetamine,[1][2] which are marketed as Evekeo and Dexedrine/Zenzedi, respectively.[1][14][15] Adderall is used in the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and narcolepsy. It is also used illicitly as an athletic performance enhancer, cognitive enhancer, appetite suppressant, and recreationally as a euphoriant. It is a central nervous system (CNS) stimulant of the phenethylamine class.[1]

At therapeutic doses, Adderall causes emotional and cognitive effects such as euphoria, change in sex drive, increased wakefulness, and improved cognitive control. At these doses, it induces physical effects such as a faster reaction time, fatigue resistance, and increased muscle strength. In contrast, much larger doses of Adderall can impair cognitive control, cause rapid muscle breakdown, provoke panic attacks, or induce psychosis (e.g., paranoia, delusions, hallucinations). The side effects vary widely among individuals but most commonly include insomnia, dry mouth, loss of appetite and weight loss. The risk of developing an addiction or dependence is insignificant when Adderall is used as prescribed and at fairly low daily doses, such as those used for treating ADHD. However, the routine use of Adderall in larger and daily doses poses a significant risk of addiction or dependence due to the pronounced reinforcing effects that are present at high doses. Recreational doses of Adderall are generally much larger than prescribed therapeutic doses and also carry a far greater risk of serious adverse effects.[sources 1]

The two amphetamine enantiomers that compose Adderall, such as Adderall tablets/capsules (levoamphetamine and dextroamphetamine), alleviate the symptoms of ADHD and narcolepsy by increasing the activity of the neurotransmitters norepinephrine and dopamine in the brain, which results in part from their interactions with human trace amine-associated receptor 1 (hTAAR1) and vesicular monoamine transporter 2 (VMAT2) in neurons. Dextroamphetamine is a more potent Central nervous system (CNS) stimulant than levoamphetamine, but levoamphetamine has slightly stronger cardiovascular and peripheral effects and a longer elimination half-life than dextroamphetamine. The levoamphetamine component of Adderall has been reported to[weasel words] improve the treatment response in some individuals relative to dextroamphetamine alone[citation needed]. The active ingredient in Adderall, amphetamine, shares many chemical and pharmacological properties with the human trace amines, particularly phenethylamine and N-methylphenethylamine, the latter of which is a positional isomer of amphetamine.[sources 2] In 2022, Adderall was the fourteenth most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 34 million prescriptions.[35][36]

  1. ^ a b c d Heal DJ, Smith SL, Gosden J, Nutt DJ (June 2013). "Amphetamine, past and present--a pharmacological and clinical perspective". Journal of Psychopharmacology. 27 (6): 479–496. doi:10.1177/0269881113482532. PMC 3666194. PMID 23539642.
  2. ^ a b Joyce BM, Glaser PE, Gerhardt GA (April 2007). "Adderall produces increased striatal dopamine release and a prolonged time course compared to amphetamine isomers". Psychopharmacology. 191 (3): 669–677. doi:10.1007/s00213-006-0550-9. PMID 17031708. S2CID 20283057.
  3. ^ Vitiello B (April 2008). "Understanding the risk of using medications for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder with respect to physical growth and cardiovascular function". Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America. 17 (2): 459–74, xi. doi:10.1016/j.chc.2007.11.010. PMC 2408826. PMID 18295156.
  4. ^ Graham J, Banaschewski T, Buitelaar J, Coghill D, Danckaerts M, Dittmann RW, et al. (January 2011). "European guidelines on managing adverse effects of medication for ADHD". European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry. 20 (1): 17–37. doi:10.1007/s00787-010-0140-6. eISSN 1435-165X. PMC 3012210. PMID 21042924.
  5. ^ Kociancic T, Reed MD, Findling RL (March 2004). "Evaluation of risks associated with short- and long-term psychostimulant therapy for treatment of ADHD in children". Expert Opinion on Drug Safety. 3 (2): 93–100. doi:10.1517/14740338.3.2.93. eISSN 1744-764X. PMID 15006715. S2CID 31114829.
  6. ^ Clemow DB, Walker DJ (September 2014). "The potential for misuse and abuse of medications in ADHD: a review". Postgraduate Medicine. 126 (5): 64–81. doi:10.3810/pgm.2014.09.2801. eISSN 1941-9260. PMID 25295651. S2CID 207580823.
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  8. ^ "FDA-sourced list of all drugs with black box warnings (Use Download Full Results and View Query links.)". nctr-crs.fda.gov. FDA. Retrieved 22 October 2023.
  9. ^ Ingersoll J (7 July 1971). "Amphetamine, Methamphetamine, and Optical Isomers" (PDF). Federal Register. Bureau of Narcotics and Dangerous Drugs. Archived (PDF) from the original on 27 November 2024. Retrieved 27 November 2024.
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  11. ^ a b Sagonowsky E (28 August 2017). "Shire launches new ADHD drug Mydayis as it weighs a neuroscience exit". Fierce Pharma. Questex LLC. Archived from the original on 16 December 2019. Retrieved 2 May 2020.
  12. ^ "National Drug Code Amphetamine Search Results". National Drug Code Directory. United States Food and Drug Administration. Archived from the original on 16 December 2013. Retrieved 16 December 2013.
  13. ^ Babiskin AH, Zhang X (September 2015). "Application of Physiologically Based Absorption Modeling for Amphetamine Salts Drug Products in Generic Drug Evaluation". Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 104 (9): 3170–3182. doi:10.1002/jps.24474. PMID 25973928.
  14. ^ "Pharmacology". Evekeo CII (amphetamine sulfate) HCP. Arbor Pharmaceuticals, LLC. Archived from the original on 21 September 2020. Retrieved 2 May 2020.
  15. ^ "Prescribing Information & Medication Guide" (PDF). Zenzedi (dextroamphetamine sulfate, USP). Arbor Pharmaceuticals LLC. Archived (PDF) from the original on 11 November 2020. Retrieved 2 May 2020.
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  25. ^ Stolerman IP (2010). Stolerman IP (ed.). Encyclopedia of Psychopharmacology. Berlin, Germany; London, England: Springer. p. 78. ISBN 9783540686989.
  26. ^ Howell LL, Kimmel HL (January 2008). "Monoamine transporters and psychostimulant addiction". Biochemical Pharmacology. 75 (1): 196–217. doi:10.1016/j.bcp.2007.08.003. PMID 17825265.
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  28. ^ Cite error: The named reference Miller was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
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  30. ^ Broadley KJ (March 2010). "The vascular effects of trace amines and amphetamines". Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 125 (3): 363–375. doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2009.11.005. PMID 19948186.
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  32. ^ Cite error: The named reference TAAR1 stereoselective was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
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  34. ^ Cite error: The named reference Arnold was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  35. ^ "The Top 300 of 2022". ClinCalc. Archived from the original on 30 August 2024. Retrieved 30 August 2024.
  36. ^ "Dextroamphetamine; Dextroamphetamine Saccharate; Amphetamine; Amphetamine Aspartate Drug Usage Statistics, United States, 2013 - 2022". ClinCalc. Retrieved 30 August 2024.


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آديرال Arabic Adderall Czech Adderall German Adderall Spanish Adderall ET آدرال FA Adderall Finnish Adderall French Ադերալ HY Adderall ID

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