Agriculture in Iran

Agriculture in Iran is underdeveloped. While one-third of Iran's total surface area is suitable for farming, due to poor soil and inadequate water distribution, most of it is not cultivated. Less than one-third of the land planted with crops, orchards and vineyards is irrigated; the rest is devoted to dryland farming.^[1] The western and northwestern portions of the country have the most fertile soil. Iran's food security index stands at around 96 percent.^[2]

3% of the total land area is used for grazing and small-fodder production. Most of the grazing is done on semi-dry rangeland in mountain areas and areas surrounding the large deserts ("Dasht's") of Central Iran.

53 percent of Iran's land is non-agricultural terrain:

• 39% of the country is covered by deserts, salt flats ("kavirs") and bare-rock mountains, not suited for agricultural purposes.
• 7% of Iran's total surface is covered by woodlands.
• 7% is covered by cities, towns, villages, industrial areas and roads.

At the end of the 20th century, agricultural activities accounted for one-fifth of Iran's gross domestic product (GDP) and employed a comparable proportion of the workforce. Most farms are small, less than 25 acres (10 hectares), and are not economically viable, which has contributed to the wide-scale migration to cities. In addition to water scarcity and areas of poor soil, seed is of low quality and farming techniques are antiquated.

All these factors have contributed to low crop yields and poverty in rural areas. Further, after the 1979 revolution many agricultural workers claimed ownership rights and forcibly occupied large, privately owned farms where they had been employed. The legal disputes that arose from this situation remained unresolved through the 1980s, and many owners put off making large capital investments that would have improved farm productivity, further deteriorating production. Progressive government efforts and incentives during the 1990s, however, improved agricultural productivity marginally, helping Iran toward its goal of reestablishing national self-sufficiency in food production.