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Allopurinol
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| Clinical data | |
|---|---|
| Trade names | Zyloprim, Caplenal, Zyloric, others |
| AHFS/Drugs.com | Monograph |
| MedlinePlus | a682673 |
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| Pregnancy category |
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| Routes of administration | Oral, intravenous |
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| Legal status | |
| Pharmacokinetic data | |
| Bioavailability | 78±20% |
| Protein binding | Negligible |
| Metabolism | Liver (80% oxipurinol, 10% allopurinol ribosides) |
| Elimination half-life | 2 h (oxipurinol 18–30 h) |
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| CAS Number | |
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| UNII | |
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| CompTox Dashboard (EPA) | |
| ECHA InfoCard | 100.005.684 |
| Chemical and physical data | |
| Formula | C5H4N4O |
| Molar mass | 136.114 g·mol−1 |
| 3D model (JSmol) | |
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Allopurinol is a medication used to decrease high blood uric acid levels.[5] It is specifically used to prevent gout, prevent specific types of kidney stones and for the high uric acid levels that can occur with chemotherapy.[6][7] It is taken orally (by mouth) or intravenously (injected into a vein).[7]
Common side effects when used orally include itchiness and rash.[7] Common side effects when used by injection include vomiting and kidney problems.[7] While not recommended historically, starting allopurinol during an attack of gout appears to be safe.[8][9] In those already on the medication, it should be continued even during an acute gout attack.[8][6] While use during pregnancy does not appear to result in harm, this use has not been well studied.[1] Allopurinol is in the xanthine oxidase inhibitor family of medications.[7]
Allopurinol was approved for medical use in the United States in 1966.[7] It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines.[10] Allopurinol is available as a generic medication.[7] In 2022, it was the 39th most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 15 million prescriptions.[11][12]
- ^ a b "Allopurinol Use During Pregnancy". Drugs.com. Archived from the original on 20 August 2016. Retrieved 20 December 2016.
- ^ "Prescription medicines: registration of new generic medicines and biosimilar medicines, 2017". Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA). 21 June 2022. Archived from the original on 6 July 2023. Retrieved 30 March 2024.
- ^ "Allopurinol tablet". DailyMed. 13 December 2023. Archived from the original on 29 February 2024. Retrieved 16 January 2024.
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
Labelinjectwas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Pacher P, Nivorozhkin A, Szabó C (March 2006). "Therapeutic effects of xanthine oxidase inhibitors: renaissance half a century after the discovery of allopurinol". Pharmacological Reviews. 58 (1): 87–114. doi:10.1124/pr.58.1.6. PMC 2233605. PMID 16507884.
- ^ a b World Health Organization (2009). Stuart MC, Kouimtzi M, Hill SR (eds.). WHO Model Formulary 2008. World Health Organization. p. 39. hdl:10665/44053. ISBN 9789241547659.
- ^ a b c d e f g "Allopurinol". The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. Archived from the original on 29 April 2016. Retrieved 8 December 2016.
- ^ a b Robinson PC, Stamp LK (May 2016). "The management of gout: Much has changed". Australian Family Physician. 45 (5): 299–302. PMID 27166465.
- ^ Satpanich P, Pongsittisak W, Manavathongchai S (January 2022). "Early versus Late Allopurinol Initiation in Acute Gout Flare (ELAG): a randomized controlled trial". Clinical Rheumatology. 41 (1): 213–221. doi:10.1007/s10067-021-05872-8. PMID 34406530. S2CID 237156638.
- ^ World Health Organization (2023). The selection and use of essential medicines 2023: web annex A: World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 23rd list (2023). Geneva: World Health Organization. hdl:10665/371090. WHO/MHP/HPS/EML/2023.02.
- ^ "The Top 300 of 2022". ClinCalc. Archived from the original on 30 August 2024. Retrieved 30 August 2024.
- ^ "Allopurinol Drug Usage Statistics, United States, 2013 - 2022". ClinCalc. Retrieved 30 August 2024.
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