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Ancient North Eurasian

Ancient North Eurasian
Mal'ta–Buret' culture ivory figurines (c. 24,000 BP-c. 15,000 BP). Some of the figurines wear hooded overalls with decorative stripes.[1] [2]
Approximate location of the Ancient North Eurasians c. 24,000~16,000 BP.[3][4][5]

In archaeogenetics, the term Ancient North Eurasian (ANE) is the name given to an ancestral component that represents the lineage of the people of the Mal'ta–Buret' culture (c. 24,000 BP) and populations closely related to them, such as the Upper Paleolithic individuals from Afontova Gora in Siberia.[6][7] Genetic studies also revealed that the ANE are closely related to the remains of the preceding Yana culture (c. 32,000 BP), which were named Ancient North Siberians (ANS). Ancient North Eurasians are predominantly of West Eurasian ancestry (related to European Cro-Magnons and ancient and modern peoples in West Asia) who arrived in Siberia via the "northern route", but also derive a significant amount of their ancestry (c. 1/3) from an East Eurasian source, having arrived to Siberia via the "southern route".[8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][a][18]

Around 20,000 to 25,000 years ago, a branch of Ancient North Eurasian people mixed with Ancient East Asians, which led to the emergence of Ancestral Native American, Ancient Beringian and Ancient Paleo-Siberian populations. It is unknown exactly where this population admixture took place, and two opposing theories have put forth different migratory scenarios that united the Ancient North Eurasians with ancient East Asian populations.[19]

Later, ANE populations migrated westward into Europe and admixed with European Western hunter-gatherer (WHG)-related groups to form the Eastern Hunter-Gatherer (EHG) group, which later admixed with Caucasus hunter-gatherers to form the Western Steppe Herder group, which became widely dispersed across Eurasia during the Bronze Age.[20]

ANE ancestry has spread throughout Eurasia and the Americas in various migrations since the Upper Paleolithic, and more than half of the world's population today derives between 5 and 42% of their genomes from the Ancient North Eurasians.[21] Significant ANE ancestry can be found in Native Americans, as well as in Europe, South Asia, Central Asia, and Siberia. It has been suggested that their mythology may have featured narratives shared by both Indo-European and some Native American cultures, such as the existence of a metaphysical world tree and a fable in which a dog guards the path to the afterlife.[22]

  1. ^ Bednarik RG (2013). "Pleistocene Palaeoart of Asia". Arts. 2 (2): 46–76. doi:10.3390/arts2020046.
  2. ^ Lbova L (2021). "The Siberian Palaeolithic Site of Mal'ta: A Unique Source for The Study of Childhood Archaeology". Evolutionary Human Sciences. 2: e9. doi:10.1017/ehs.2021.5. PMC 10427291. PMID 37588521. S2CID 231980510.
  3. ^ "Paleolithic to Bronze Age Siberians Reveal Connections with First Americans and across Eurasia" (PDF). CELL. 2020.
  4. ^ Yang MA (6 January 2022). "A genetic history of migration, diversification, and admixture in Asia". Human Population Genetics and Genomics. 2 (1): 1–32. doi:10.47248/hpgg2202010001. ISSN 2770-5005.
  5. ^ Willerslev E, Meltzer DJ (June 2021). "Willerslev, E., Meltzer, D.J. Peopling of the Americas as inferred from ancient genomics. Nature 594, 356–364 (2021)". Nature. 594 (7863): 356–364. Bibcode:2021Natur.594..356W. doi:10.1038/s41586-021-03499-y. PMID 34135521. S2CID 235460793.
  6. ^ Flegontov et al. 2016.
  7. ^ Jeong et al. 2019
  8. ^ Grebenyuk PS, Fedorchenko AY, Dyakonov VM, Lebedintsev AI, Malyarchuk BA (2022). "Ancient Cultures and Migrations in Northeastern Siberia". Humans in the Siberian Landscapes. Springer Geography. Springer International Publishing. p. 93. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-90061-8_4. ISBN 978-3-030-90060-1.
  9. ^ Villalba-Mouco V, van de Loosdrecht MS, Rohrlach AB, Fewlass H, Talamo S, Yu H, et al. (1 March 2023). "A 23,000-year-old southern Iberian individual links human groups that lived in Western Europe before and after the Last Glacial Maximum". Nature Ecology & Evolution. 7 (4): 597–609. Bibcode:2023NatEE...7..597V. doi:10.1038/s41559-023-01987-0. ISSN 2397-334X. PMC 10089921. PMID 36859553.
  10. ^ Sikora M, Pitulko VV, Sousa VC, Allentoft ME, Vinner L, Rasmussen S, et al. (June 2019). "The population history of northeastern Siberia since the Pleistocene". Nature. 570 (7760): 182–188. Bibcode:2019Natur.570..182S. doi:10.1038/s41586-019-1279-z. hdl:1887/3198847. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 31168093. S2CID 174809069.
  11. ^ Vallini et al. 2022, Supplementary Information, p. 17.
  12. ^ Lipson M, Reich D (10 January 2017). "A working model of the deep relationships of diverse modern human genetic lineages outside of Africa". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 34 (4): 889–902. doi:10.1093/molbev/msw293. ISSN 0737-4038. PMC 5400393. PMID 28074030.
  13. ^ Posth C, Nakatsuka N, Lazaridis I, Skoglund P, Mallick S, Lamnidis TC, et al. (November 2018). "Reconstructing the Deep Population History of Central and South America". Cell. 175 (5): 1185–1197.e22. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2018.10.027. ISSN 0092-8674. PMC 6327247. PMID 30415837.
  14. ^ Allentoft ME, Sikora M, Refoyo-Martínez A, Irving-Pease EK, Fischer A, Barrie W, et al. (January 2024). "Population genomics of post-glacial western Eurasia". Nature. 625 (7994): 301–311. Bibcode:2024Natur.625..301A. doi:10.1038/s41586-023-06865-0. ISSN 1476-4687. PMC 10781627. PMID 38200295.
  15. ^ Gabidullina LR, Dzhaubermezov MA, Ekomasova NV, Sufyanova ZR, Khusnutdinova EK (2023). "Genetic History of Eurasia Before the Common Era". Opera Medica et Physiologica. 10 (3): 95–117. ISSN 2500-2295.
  16. ^ Massilani D, Skov L, Hajdinjak M, Gunchinsuren B, Tseveendorj D, Yi S, et al. (30 October 2020). "Denisovan ancestry and population history of early East Asians". Science. 370 (6516): 579–583. doi:10.1126/science.abc1166. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 33122380. Fig. 2 Simplified demographic model including the Salkhit individual and other Eurasians older than 30,000 years: 25-33% geneflow from Salkhit to Yana, but Salkhit already had 22-26% gene flow from Ancient West Eurasians
  17. ^ Cite error: The named reference :7 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  18. ^ ZHANG M, PING W (15 June 2023). 古基因组揭示史前欧亚大陆现代人复杂遗传历史 [Ancient genomes reveal the complex genetic history of Prehistoric Eurasian modern humans]. 人类学学报 人类学学报 (in Chinese). 42 (3): 412–421. doi:10.16359/j.1000-3193/AAS.2023.0010. ISSN 1000-3193. 以发现于西伯利亚东北部约31.6 kaBP的Yana个体为代表的古西伯利亚北部人群(Ancient North Siberians, ANS)。该人群是具有约71%的欧洲祖源成分和29%的亚洲祖源成分的独立人群[2]。
  19. ^ Cite error: The named reference Raff188 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  20. ^ Cite error: The named reference :1 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  21. ^ Reich 2018, p. 81
  22. ^ Anthony & Brown 2019, pp. 104–106.


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