Antioch

Antioch on the Orontes

Ἀντιόχεια ἡ ἐπὶ Ὀρόντου Antiochia ad Orontem
Map of Antioch in Roman and early Byzantine times
Shown within Turkey
Location	Antakya, Hatay Province, Turkey
Coordinates	36°12′17″N 36°10′54″E / 36.20472°N 36.18167°E / 36.20472; 36.18167
Type	Settlement
Area	15 km2 (5+3⁄4 sq mi)
History
Builder	Seleucus I Nicator
Founded	300 BC
Abandoned	Insignificant by the end of the 15th century
Periods	Hellenistic to medieval
Cultures	Greek, Hellenistic, Roman, Armenian, Syriac, Arab, Byzantine, Outremer, Turkish
Events	Roman–Persian Wars, First Crusade
Site notes
Excavation dates	1932–1939
Condition	Mostly buried

Antioch on the Orontes (/ˈænti.ɒk/; Ancient Greek: Ἀντιόχεια ἡ ἐπὶ Ὀρόντου, romanized: Antiókheia hē epì Oróntou, pronounced [anti.ó.kʰeː.a])^{[note 1]} was a Hellenistic Greek city^[1][2] founded by Seleucus I Nicator in 300 BC.^[3] One of the most important Greek cities of the Hellenistic period,^[2] it served as the capital of the Seleucid Empire and later as regional capital to both the Roman and Byzantine Empire. During the Crusades, Antioch served as the capital of the Principality of Antioch, one of four Crusader states that were founded in the Levant. Its inhabitants were known as Antiochenes. Any remains of the ancient city of Antioch are mostly buried beneath alluvial deposits from the Orontes River. The modern city of Antakya, in Hatay Province of Turkey, lies in its place.

Antioch was founded near the end of the fourth century BC by Seleucus I Nicator, one of Alexander the Great's generals, as one of the tetrapoleis of Seleucis of Syria. Seleucus encouraged Greeks from all over the Mediterranean to settle in the city.^[2] The city's location offered geographical, military, and economic benefits to its occupants; Antioch was heavily involved in the spice trade and lay within close reach of the Silk Road and the Royal Road. The city was the capital of the Seleucid Empire from 240 BC until 63 BC, when the Romans took control, making it the capital of the province of Syria and later of Coele Syria. During the late Hellenistic and Roman Principate periods, Antioch's population may have reached a peak of over 500,000 inhabitants (most generally estimate between 200,000 and 250,000),^[4] making the city the third largest in the Roman Empire after Rome and Alexandria and one of the most important cities in the eastern Mediterranean. From the early fourth century, Antioch was the seat of the Count of the Orient, head of the Diocese of the East. The Romans provided the city with walls that encompassed almost 450 hectares (1,100 acres), of which one quarter was mountainous, leaving 300 ha (750 acres) – about one-fifth the area of Rome within the Aurelian Walls.

The city was also the main center of Hellenistic Judaism at the end of the Second Temple period. As one of the cities of the pentarchy, Antioch was called "the cradle of Christianity" as a result of its longevity and the pivotal role that it played in the emergence of early Christianity.^[5] The Christian New Testament asserts that the name "Christian" first emerged in Antioch.^[6] The city declined to relative insignificance during the Middle Ages due to warfare, repeated earthquakes, and a change in trade routes. The city still lends its name to the Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Antioch, one of the most important modern churches of the Levant and the eastern Mediterranean. The city also attracts Muslim pilgrims who visit the Habib-i Najjar Mosque, which they believe to contain the tomb of Habib the Carpenter, mentioned in the Surah Yā-Sīn of the Quran.

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