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Bangladesh
People's Republic of Bangladesh | |
|---|---|
| Anthem: আমার সোনার বাংলা (Bengali) Amar Sonar Bangla "My Golden Bengal" | |
| Government Seal | |
.svg)  | |
| Capital and largest city | Dhaka 23°45′50″N 90°23′20″E / 23.76389°N 90.38889°E |
| Official language and national language | Bengali[1][2] |
| Recognised foreign language | English[3] |
| Ethnic groups (2022 census)[4] | 99% Bengali |
| Religion (2022 census)[5] | |
| Demonym(s) | Bangladeshi |
| Government | Unitary parliamentary republic under an interim government |
| Mohammed Shahabuddin | |
| Muhammad Yunus | |
| Syed Refaat Ahmed | |
| Legislature | Jatiya Sangsad (Currently dissolved) |
| Establishment | |
| 15 August 1947 | |
| 14 October 1955 | |
| 26 March 1971 | |
• Victory | 16 December 1971 |
| 16 December 1972 | |
| Area | |
• Total | 148,460[6] km2 (57,320 sq mi) (92nd) |
• Water (%) | 6.4 |
• Land area | 130,170 km2[6] |
• Water area | 18,290 km2[6] |
| Population | |
• 2025 estimate | 174,655,977 (8th) |
• 2022 census | 169,828,911[7][8] (8th) |
• Density | 1,165/km2 (3,017.3/sq mi) (13th) |
| GDP (PPP) | 2025 estimate |
• Total |  $1.801 trillion[9] (24th) |
• Per capita | $10,367[9] (126th) |
| GDP (nominal) | 2025 estimate |
• Total | $481.86 billion[9] (34th) |
• Per capita | $2,773[9] (139th) |
| Gini (2022) |  33.4[10]medium inequality |
| HDI (2022) | 0.670[11] medium (129th) |
| Currency | Taka (৳) (BDT) |
| Time zone | UTC+6 (BST) |
| Drives on | Left[12] |
| Calling code | +880 |
| ISO 3166 code | BD |
| Internet TLD | .bd .বাংলা |
Bangladesh,[a] officially the People's Republic of Bangladesh,[b] is a country in South Asia. It is the eighth-most populous country in the world and among the most densely populated with a population exceeding 170 million within an area of 148,460 square kilometres (57,320 sq mi). Bangladesh shares land borders with India to the north, west, and east, and Myanmar to the southeast. To the south, it has a coastline along the Bay of Bengal. To the north, it is separated from Bhutan and Nepal by the Siliguri Corridor, and from China by the mountainous Indian state of Sikkim. Dhaka, the capital and largest city, is the nation's political, financial, and cultural centre. Chittagong is the second-largest city and the busiest port of the country. The official language is Bengali. Islam is the official and largest religion and Bengali Muslims form the largest ethnoreligious group in the country.
Bangladesh is part of the historic and ethnolinguistic region of Bengal, which was divided during the Partition of British India in 1947 as the eastern exclave of the Dominion of Pakistan. Ancient Bengal was known as Gangaridai and was a stronghold of pre-Islamic kingdoms. The Muslim conquest after 1204 led to the sultanate and Mughal periods, during which an independent Bengal Sultanate and wealthy Mughal Bengal transformed the region into an important centre of regional affairs, trade, and diplomacy. The Battle of Plassey in 1757 marked the beginning of British rule for next 200 years. The creation of Eastern Bengal and Assam in 1905 set a precedent for the emergence of Bangladesh. The All-India Muslim League, which was founded in Dhaka in 1906,[13] fought for a separate Bengali Muslim homeland in the Eastern Bengal, which was proposed in the Lahore Resolution in 1940 by A. K. Fazlul Huq, the first Prime Minister of Bengal. The present-day territorial boundary was established with the announcement of the Radcliffe Line.
In 1947, East Bengal became the most populous province in the Dominion of Pakistan and was renamed East Pakistan, with Dhaka as the legislative capital. The Bengali Language Movement in 1952, the 1958 Pakistani coup d'état, and the 1970 Pakistani general election spurred Bengali nationalism and pro-democracy movements. The refusal of the Pakistani military junta to transfer power to the Awami League, led by Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, triggered the Bangladesh Liberation War in 1971. The Mukti Bahini waged a successful armed revolution; the conflict saw the Bangladeshi genocide. The country came into existence on 16 December 1971 after the surrender of Pakistan, ending the 9-month long Liberation War.
After the war, Sheikh Mujib became the leader of the country. Mujib's assassination in 1975 led to the rise of Ziaur Rahman, who himself was assassinated in 1981. The 1980s was dominated by the presidency of Hussain Muhammad Ershad, who was overthrown in a mass uprising in 1990. After 1990, the "Battle of the Begums" between Khaleda Zia and Sheikh Hasina defined Bangladesh's politics and history for next three decades. Following the overthrow of Hasina in a student–led mass uprising in August 2024, an interim government led by Nobel Peace laureate Muhammad Yunus took power.
Bangladesh is a unitary parliamentary republic based on the Westminster system. It is a middle power with the second-largest economy in South Asia. Bangladesh is home to the third-largest Muslim-majority population and the fifth-most spoken native language. It maintains the third-largest military in South Asia and is the largest contributor to UN peacekeeping operations. It consists of eight divisions, 64 districts, and 495 sub districts, and includes the largest mangrove forest in the world. However, Bangladesh has one of the largest refugee populations in the world and continues to face challenges such as corruption, political instability, overpopulation, and the effects of climate change. It has twice chaired the Climate Vulnerable Forum and hosts the headquarters of the BIMSTEC. Bangladesh is also a founding member of SAARC and a member of the OIC and the Commonwealth of Nations.
- ^ "The Constitution of the People's Republic of Bangladesh". Ministry of Law, Justice and Parliamentary Affairs. Archived from the original on 10 November 2019. Retrieved 1 February 2017.
- ^ বাংলা ভাষা প্রচলন আইন, ১৯৮৭ [Bengali Language Implementation Act, 1987]. bdlaws.minlaw.gov.bd (in Bengali). Ministry of Law, Justice and Parliamentary Affairs. Archived from the original on 7 January 2024. Retrieved 7 January 2024.
- ^ Historical Evolution of English in Bangladesh (PDF). Mohammad Nurul Islam. 1 March 2019. pp. 9–. Archived (PDF) from the original on 5 February 2024. Retrieved 10 November 2023.
- ^ "Ethnic population in 2022 census" (PDF).
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
censuswas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ a b c "Bangladesh". The World Factbook (2025 ed.). Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 13 November 2021. (Archived 2021 edition.)
- ^ "Population and Housing Census 2022: Post Enumeration Check (PEC) Adjusted Population" (PDF). Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics. 18 April 2023. Archived (PDF) from the original on 30 May 2023. Retrieved 30 May 2023.
- ^ "Report: 68% Bangladeshis live in villages". Dhaka Tribune. 28 November 2023. Archived from the original on 6 February 2024. Retrieved 6 February 2024.
- ^ a b c d "World Economic Outlook Database, October 2024 Edition. (Bangladesh)". International Monetary Fund. Retrieved 27 January 2025.
- ^ "Gini inequality index – Bangladesh". TheGlobalEconomy.com. Retrieved 31 January 2025.
- ^ Nations, United (13 March 2024). "Human Development Report 2023-24". Archived from the original on 18 March 2024. Retrieved 18 March 2024 – via hdr.undp.org.
- ^ "List of all left- & right-driving countries around the world". worldstandards.eu. 13 May 2020. Archived from the original on 10 November 2022. Retrieved 10 June 2020.
- ^ "Muslim League". Archived from the original on 20 March 2024. Retrieved 20 March 2024.
Cite error: There are <ref group=lower-alpha> tags or {{efn}} templates on this page, but the references will not show without a {{reflist|group=lower-alpha}} template or {{notelist}} template (see the help page).
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