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Banu Qurayza
| Banu Qurayza بنو قريظة | |
|---|---|
| Tribe | |
 | |
| Location | Yathrib, Hejaz |
| Descended from | Koreiza ben Elian |
| Religion | Judaism |
The Banu Qurayza (Arabic: بنو قريظة, romanized: Banū Qurayẓa; alternate spellings include Quraiza, Qurayzah, Quraytha, and the archaic Koreiza) were a Jewish tribe which lived in northern Arabia, at the oasis of Yathrib (now known as Medina). They were one of the three major Jewish tribes of the city, along with the Banu Qaynuqa and Banu Nadir.[1]
Jewish tribes reportedly arrived in Hijaz in the wake of the Jewish–Roman wars and introduced agriculture, putting them in a culturally, economically and politically dominant position.[2][3] However, in the 5th century, the Banu Aws and the Banu Khazraj, two Arab tribes that had arrived from Yemen, gained dominance.[4] When these two tribes became embroiled in conflict with each other, the Jewish tribes, now clients[3][5] or allies[4] of the Arabs, fought on different sides, the Qurayza siding with the Aws.[6]
In 622, the Islamic prophet Muhammad arrived at Yathrib from Mecca and reportedly established a pact between the conflicting parties.[2][7][8] While the city found itself at war with Muhammad's native Meccan tribe of the Quraysh, tensions between the growing numbers of Muslims and the Jewish communities mounted.[6]
In 627, when the Quraysh and their allies besieged the city in the Battle of the Trench, the Qurayza initially tried to remain neutral but eventually entered into negotiations with the besieging army, violating the pact they had agreed to years earlier.[9] Subsequently, the tribe was charged with treason and besieged by the Muslims commanded by Muhammad.[10][11] The Banu Qurayza eventually surrendered and their men were beheaded.[10][11][12][13][14]
The historicity of this incident has been questioned by Islamic scholars[15][16][17] of the Revisionist School of Islamic Studies[18] and by some western specialists.[19][18]
- ^ Rodgers 2012, p. 54.
- ^ a b Cite error: The named reference
Kurayzawas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ a b Peters 1994, p. 192f.
- ^ a b Cite error: The named reference
Madinawas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Cite error: The named reference
Judaicawas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ a b Watt, "Muhammad", In: The Cambridge History of Islam, Vol. 1A, pp. 39-49
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
FirestoneJihadwas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Cite error: The named reference
Welchwas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Ansary, Tamim (2009). Destiny Disrupted: A History of the World Through Islamic Eyes. PublicAffairs. ISBN 9781586486068.
- ^ a b Cite error: The named reference
Petersonwas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ a b Cite error: The named reference
Ramadan140was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Cite error: The named reference
:0was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Brown. A New Introduction to Islam. p. 81.
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
:1was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Meri. Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia. p. 754.
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
Arafatwas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Nemoy. Barakat Ahmad's 'Muhammad and the Jews'. p. 325.
- ^ a b Donner, Fred (2012). Muhammad and the Believers - At the Origins of Islam. p. 73.
- ^ Hughes, Aaron. Theorizing Islam: Disciplinary Deconstruction and Reconstruction. p. 50.
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