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Basmachi movement
| Basmachi movement | |||||||||
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| Part of World War I and the Russian Civil War | |||||||||
 Bukhara under siege by Red Army troops and burning during the Bukhara operation, 1 September 1920 | |||||||||
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| Belligerents | |||||||||
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Supported by:
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| Commanders and leaders | |||||||||
| Strength | |||||||||
 Turkestan Front:120,000–160,000[4]: 35 | Perhaps 30,000 at its height, over 20,000 (late 1919)[5] | ||||||||
| Casualties and losses | |||||||||
| Unknown | |||||||||
| History of Tajikistan |
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| Timeline |
 Tajikistan portal |
The Basmachi movement (Russian: Басмачество, romanized: Basmachestvo, derived from Uzbek: Босмачи, romanized: Bosmachi, lit. 'bandits')[12] was an uprising against Imperial Russian and Soviet rule in Central Asia by rebel groups inspired by Islamic beliefs.
The movement's roots lay in the anti-conscription violence of 1916 which erupted when the Russian Empire began to draft Muslims for army service in World War I.[13]: 101 In the months following the October 1917 Revolution, the Bolsheviks seized power in many parts of the Russian Empire and the Russian Civil War began. Turkestani Muslim political movements attempted to form an autonomous government in the city of Kokand, in the Fergana Valley. The Bolsheviks launched an assault on Kokand in February 1918 and carried out a general massacre of up to 25,000 people.[8][9]: 355 The massacre rallied support to the Basmachi who waged a guerrilla and conventional war that seized control of large parts of the Fergana Valley and much of Turkestan. The group's notable leaders were Enver Pasha and, later, Ibrahim Bek.
The fortunes of the movement fluctuated throughout the early 1920s, but by 1923 the Red Army's extensive campaigns had dealt the Basmachis many defeats. After major Red Army campaigns and concessions regarding economic and Islamic practices in the mid-1920s, the military fortunes and popular support of the Basmachi declined.[4]: 41 Resistance to Soviet leadership did flare up again, to a lesser extent, in response to collectivization campaigns in the pre-WWII era.[9]
- ^ In union with him and Bey Madamin counter-revolutionary robber bands from July 10, 1919, to January 1920.
- ^ Muḥammad, Fayz̤; Hazārah, Fayz̤ Muḥammad Kātib (1999). Kabul Under Siege: Fayz Muhammad's Account of the 1929 Uprising. Markus Wiener. p. 12. ISBN 9781558761551.
- ^ Saqqawists had fought only in northern Afghanistan.
- ^ a b Rywkin, Michael (1990). Moscow's Muslim Challenge: Soviet Central Asia. Armonk: M. E. Sharpe.
- ^ Nahaylo, Bohdan; Swoboda, Victor (1990). Soviet Disunion: A History of the Nationalities Problem in the USSR. p. 40.
- ^ Krivosheev, Grigori, ed. (1997). Soviet Casualties and Combat Losses in the Twentieth Century. London: Greenhill. p. 43.
12,827 killed or dead
- ^ Andronikov, V. M.; Burkikov, P. D.; Gurkin, V. V.; Kruglov, A. A.; Rodinov, Ye. I.; Filimoshin, M. V.; et al. (3 January 1996) [first Russian publication 1993]. Krivosheyev, G. F. (ed.). "Soviet Armed Forces Losses in Wars, Combat Operations and Military Conflicts" (PDF). Translated by US Department of the Army. Moscow Military Publishing House. p. 56. Retrieved 2015-06-21 – via The Black Vault.
- ^ a b McCray, Thomas R.; Gritzner, Charles F. (2004). Uzbekistan. p. 30. ISBN 1438105517.
- ^ a b c Olcott, Martha B. (July 1981). "The Basmachi or Freemen's Revolt in Turkestan, 1918–24". Soviet Studies. 33 (3): 361. doi:10.1080/09668138108411365.
- ^ Baberowski & Doering-Manteuffel 2009, p. 202.
- ^ Morrison, Alexander (2017). "The Revolt of 1916 in Russian Central Asia. By Edward Dennis Sokol. Foreword by S. Frederick Starr. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2016 (original edition 1954). x, 187 pp. Bibliography. Index. Figures". Slavic Review (book review). 76 (3): 772–778. doi:10.1017/slr.2017.185. ISSN 0037-6779. S2CID 166171560.
- ^ Parenti, Christian (28 June 2011). Tropic of Chaos: Climate Change and the New Geography of Violence. PublicAffairs. ISBN 978-1-56858-662-5.
These traditionalist, protomujahideen—called Basmachi, meaning 'bandits', by the Soviets—described themselves as standing for Islam, Turkic nationalism, and anticommunism. One of these bands of Muslim rebels was led by Enver Pasha, ...
- ^ Spolnikov, Victor (1994). "Impact of Afghanistan's War on the Former Soviet Republics of Central Asia". In Malik, Hafeez (ed.). Central Asia: Its Strategic Importance and Future Prospects. New York: St. Martin's Press.
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