Benito Mussolini

Benito Mussolini
Mussolini in 1939
Prime Minister of Italy[a]
In office 31 October 1922 – 25 July 1943
Monarch	Victor Emmanuel III
Preceded by	Luigi Facta
Succeeded by	Pietro Badoglio
Duce of the Italian Social Republic
In office 23 September 1943 – 25 April 1945
Preceded by	Office established
Succeeded by	Office abolished
Duce of Fascism
In office 23 March 1919 – 28 April 1945
Preceded by	Movement established
Succeeded by	Movement abolished
Other positions Minister of Foreign Affairs In office 5 February 1943 – 25 July 1943 Prime Minister Himself Preceded by Galeazzo Ciano Succeeded by Raffaele Guariglia In office 20 July 1932 – 9 June 1936 Prime Minister Himself Preceded by Dino Grandi Succeeded by Galeazzo Ciano In office 30 October 1922 – 12 September 1929 Prime Minister Himself Preceded by Carlo Schanzer Succeeded by Dino Grandi Minister of the Colonies In office 20 November 1937 – 31 October 1939 Prime Minister Himself Succeeded by Attilio Teruzzi In office 17 January 1935 – 11 June 1936 Prime Minister Himself Preceded by Emilio De Bono Succeeded by Alessandro Lessona In office 18 December 1928 – 12 September 1929 Prime Minister Himself Preceded by Luigi Federzoni Succeeded by Emilio De Bono Minister of War In office 22 July 1933 – 25 July 1943 Prime Minister Himself Preceded by Pietro Gazzera Succeeded by Antonio Sorice In office 4 April 1925 – 12 September 1929 Prime Minister Himself Preceded by Antonino Di Giorgio Succeeded by Pietro Gazzera Minister of Corporations In office 20 July 1932 – 11 June 1936 Prime Minister Himself Preceded by Giuseppe Bottai Succeeded by Ferruccio Lantini Minister of the Interior In office 6 November 1926 – 25 July 1943 Prime Minister Himself Preceded by Luigi Federzoni Succeeded by Bruno Fornaciari In office 31 October 1922 – 17 June 1924 Prime Minister Himself Preceded by Paolino Taddei Succeeded by Luigi Federzoni Member of the Chamber of Fasces and Corporations In office 23 March 1939 – 2 August 1943 Member of the Chamber of Deputies In office 11 June 1921 – 22 March 1939
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Personal details
Born	(1883-07-29)29 July 1883 Dovia di Predappio, Forlì, Kingdom of Italy
Died	28 April 1945(1945-04-28) (aged 61) Giulino di Mezzegra, Como, Italian Social Republic
Cause of death	Summary execution
Resting place	San Cassiano cemetery, Predappio, Italy
Political party	PNF (1921‍–‍1943)
Other political affiliations	PSI (1901‍–‍1914) Fasci d'Azione Rivoluzionaria (1914‍–‍1919) Fasci Italiani di Combattimento (1919‍–‍1921) PFR (1943‍–‍1945)
Spouses	Ida Dalser ​ ​ (m. 1914; div. 1915)​ Rachele Guidi ​ (m. 1915)​
Domestic partners	Margherita Sarfatti (1911‍–‍1931) Clara Petacci (1933‍–‍1945)
Relatives	Mussolini family
Signature
Military service
Allegiance	Kingdom of Italy
Branch/service	Royal Italian Army
Years of service	1915–1917 (active)
Rank	First Marshal of the Empire Corporal
Unit	11th Bersaglieri Regiment
Battles/wars	World War I Second Italo-Senussi War Second Italo-Ethiopian War Spanish Civil War Italian invasion of Albania World War II
a. ^ As Head of Government, Prime Minister, Secretary of State from 24 December 1925

This article is part of a series about Benito Mussolini
Political views Duce of Fascism Fascist Manifesto Italian fascism Spazio vitale Economic policies Racist policies Leggi razziali Manifesto della razza Fascist propaganda Model of masculinity Parties Italian Socialist Party Fascio d'Azione Rivoluzionaria Fasci Italiani di Combattimento National Fascist Party Republican Fascist Party Elections 1924 1929 1934 Historical events Biennio Rosso March on Rome Mussolini government Italy under Fascism Corfu incident Murder of Giacomo Matteotti Aventine Secession Assassination attempts Battle for Grain Battle for Land Battle for the Lira Battle for Births Second Italo-Senussi War Abyssinia Crisis Second Italo-Ethiopian War Foundation of the Empire Spanish Civil War Munich Agreement Invasion of Albania Rome-Berlin Axis Pact of Steel Military history during World War II Fall of the regime Gran Sasso raid Italian Social Republic Italian Civil War Government of the RSI Death
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Benito Amilcare Andrea Mussolini^[a] (29 July 1883 – 28 April 1945) was an Italian dictator who founded and led the National Fascist Party (PNF). He was Prime Minister of Italy from the March on Rome in 1922, until his deposition in 1943, as well as Duce of Italian fascism from the establishment of the Italian Fasces of Combat in 1919, until his summary execution in 1945. As a dictator and founder of fascism, Mussolini inspired the international spread of fascist movements during the interwar period.^[1]

Mussolini was originally a socialist politician and journalist at the Avanti! newspaper. In 1912, he became a member of the National Directorate of the Italian Socialist Party (PSI), but was expelled for advocating military intervention in World War I. In 1914, Mussolini founded a newspaper, Il Popolo d'Italia, and served in the Royal Italian Army until he was wounded and discharged in 1917. He eventually denounced the PSI, his views now centering on Italian nationalism, and founded the fascist movement which opposed egalitarianism and class conflict, instead advocating "revolutionary nationalism" transcending class lines. In October 1922, following the March on Rome, he was appointed prime minister by King Victor Emmanuel III. After removing opposition through his secret police and outlawing labour strikes, Mussolini and his followers consolidated power through laws that transformed the nation into a one-party dictatorship. Within five years, he established dictatorial authority by legal and illegal means and aspired to create a totalitarian state. In 1929, he signed the Lateran Treaty to establish Vatican City.

Mussolini's foreign policy was based on the fascist doctrine of "Spazio vitale" ("living space"), which aimed to expand Italian possessions. In the 1920s, he ordered the Pacification of Libya, the bombing of Corfu over an incident with Greece, and annexed Fiume, after a treaty with Yugoslavia. In 1936, Ethiopia was conquered following the Second Italo-Ethiopian War and merged into Italian East Africa (AOI) with Eritrea and Somalia. In 1939, Italian forces annexed Albania. Between 1936 and 1939, Mussolini ordered an intervention in Spain in favour of Francisco Franco, during the Spanish Civil War. Mussolini took part in the Treaty of Lausanne, Four-Power Pact and Stresa Front. However, he alienated the democratic powers as tensions grew in the League of Nations, which he left in 1937. Now hostile to France and Britain, Italy formed the Axis alliance with Nazi Germany and Imperial Japan.

The wars of the 1930s cost Italy enormous resources, leaving it unprepared for the Second World War; Mussolini initially declared Italy's non-belligerence. However, in June 1940, believing Allied defeat imminent, he joined the war on Germany's side, to share the spoils. After the tide turned, and the Allied invasion of Sicily, King Victor Emmanuel III dismissed Mussolini as head of government and placed him in custody in July 1943. After the king agreed to an armistice with the Allies, in September 1943, Mussolini was rescued in the Gran Sasso raid by Germany. Hitler made Mussolini the figurehead of a puppet state in German-occupied north Italy, the Italian Social Republic, which served as a collaborationist regime of the Germans. With Allied victory imminent, Mussolini and mistress Clara Petacci attempted to flee to Switzerland, but were captured by communist partisans and executed on 28 April 1945.

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