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Bone age
Bone age is the degree of a person's skeletal development. In children, bone age serves as a measure of physiological maturity and aids in the diagnosis of growth abnormalities, endocrine disorders, and other medical conditions.[1][2][3] As a person grows from fetal life through childhood, puberty, and finishes growth as a young adult, the bones of the skeleton change in size and shape. These changes can be seen by x-ray and other imaging techniques. A comparison between the appearance of a patient's bones to a standard set of bone images known to be representative of the average bone shape and size for a given age can be used to assign a "bone age" to the patient.
Bone age is distinct from an individual's biological or chronological age, which is the amount of time that has elapsed since birth. Discrepancies between bone age and biological age can be seen in people with stunted growth, where bone age may be less than biological age. Similarly, a bone age that is older than a person's chronological age may be detected in a child growing faster than normal. A delay or advance in bone age is most commonly associated with normal variability in growth, but significant deviations between bone age and biological age may indicate an underlying medical condition that requires treatment. A child's current height and bone age can be used to predict adult height.[4] Other uses of bone age measurements include assisting in the diagnosis of medical conditions affecting children, such as constitutional growth delay, precocious puberty, thyroid dysfunction, growth hormone deficiency, and other causes of abnormally short or tall stature.
In the United States, the most common technique for estimating a person's bone age is to compare an x-ray of the patient's left hand and wrist to a reference atlas containing x-ray images of the left hands of children considered to be representative of how the skeletal structure of the hand appears for the average person at a given age.[2] A paediatric radiologist specially trained in estimating bone age assesses the patient's x-ray for growth, shape, size, and other bone features. The image in the reference atlas that most closely resembles the patient's x-ray is then used to assign a bone age to the patient.[5] Other techniques for estimating bone age exist, including x-ray comparisons of the bones of the knee or elbow to a reference atlas and magnetic resonance imaging approaches.[1][6]
- ^ a b Gardner, David G.; Shoback, Dolores M.; Greenspan, Francis S., eds. (2018). Greenspan's basic & clinical endocrinology (10th ed.). New York, N.Y.: McGraw-Hill Education LLC. ISBN 9781259589287. OCLC 1075522289.
- ^ a b Williams, Robert Hardin (2020). Melmed, Shlomo; Auchus, Richard J.; Goldfine, Allison B.; Koenig, Ronald; Rosen, Clifford J. (eds.). Williams textbook of endocrinology (14th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier. ISBN 978-0-323-71154-8. OCLC 1131863622.
- ^ Gaskin, Cree M. (2011). Skeletal development of the hand and wrist: a radiographic atlas and digital bone age companion. Oxford: Oxford University Press, USA. ISBN 978-0-19-978213-0. OCLC 746747102.
- ^ Jameson, J. Larry; DeGroot, Leslie J.; De Kretser, D. M.; Giudice, Linda; Grossman, Ashley; Melmed, Shlomo; Potts, John T.; Weir, Gordon C., eds. (2016). Endocrinology: adult & pediatric (7th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier/Saunders. ISBN 978-0-323-18907-1. OCLC 905229554.
- ^ Gilsanz, Vicente (2005). Hand bone age: a digital atlas of skeletal maturity. Osman Ratib. Berlin: Springer. ISBN 978-3-540-27070-6. OCLC 262680615.
- ^ Tomei, Ernesto (2013). Text-Atlas of Skeletal Age Determination: MRI of the Hand and Wrist in Children. Richard C. Semelka, Daniel Nissman. Hoboken: Wiley. ISBN 978-1-118-69214-1. OCLC 865333229.
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