Our website is made possible by displaying online advertisements to our visitors.
Please consider supporting us by disabling your ad blocker.
Bronchiolitis
| Bronchiolitis | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Depiction of the location of bronchiolitis in the lungs and viral shedding. | |
| Specialty | Emergency medicine, pediatrics |
| Symptoms | Fever, cough, runny nose, wheezing, breathing problems[1] |
| Complications | Shortness of breath, dehydration[1] |
| Usual onset | Less than 2 years old[2] |
| Causes | Viral disease (respiratory syncytial virus, human rhinovirus)[2] |
| Diagnostic method | Based on symptoms[1] |
| Differential diagnosis | Asthma, pneumonia, heart failure, allergic reaction, cystic fibrosis[1] |
| Treatment | Symptomatic treatment (oxygen, support with feeding, intravenous fluids)[3] |
| Frequency | ~20% (children less than 2)[2][1] |
| Deaths | 1% (among those hospitalized)[4] |
Bronchiolitis is inflammation of the small airways also known as the bronchioles in the lungs. Acute bronchiolitis is caused by a viral infection, usually affecting children younger than two years of age.[5] Symptoms may include fever, cough, runny nose or rhinorrhea, and wheezing.[1] More severe cases may be associated with nasal flaring, grunting, or respiratory distress.[1] If the child has not been able to feed properly due to the illness, signs of dehydration may be present.[1]
Chronic bronchiolitis is more common in adults and has various causes, one of which is bronchiolitis obliterans.[5][6] Often when people refer to bronchiolitis, they are referring to acute bronchiolitis in children.[5]
Acute bronchiolitis is usually the result of viral infection by respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) (59.2% of cases) or human rhinovirus (19.3% of cases).[7]Diagnosis is generally based on symptoms.[1] Tests such as a chest X-ray or viral testing are not routinely needed, but may be used to rule out other diseases.[2]
There is no specific medicine that is used to treat bronchiolitis.[3][8] Symptomatic treatment at home is generally effective and most children do not require hospitalization.[1] This can include antipyretics such as acetaminophen for fever and nasal suction for nasal congestion, both of which can be purchased over the counter.[1] Occasionally, hospital admission for oxygen, particularly high flow nasal cannula, or intravenous fluids is needed in more severe cases of disease.[1]
About 10% to 30% of children under the age of two years are affected by bronchiolitis at some point in time.[1][2] It commonly occurs in the winter season in the Northern Hemisphere.[1] It is the leading cause of hospitalizations in those less than one year of age in the United States.[9][8] The risk of death among those who are admitted to hospital is extremely low at about 1%.[4] Outbreaks of the condition were first described in the 1940s.[10]
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Friedman JN, Rieder MJ, Walton JM (November 2014). "Bronchiolitis: Recommendations for diagnosis, monitoring and management of children one to 24 months of age". Paediatrics & Child Health. 19 (9): 485–498. doi:10.1093/pch/19.9.485. PMC 4235450. PMID 25414585.
- ^ a b c d e Schroeder AR, Mansbach JM (June 2014). "Recent evidence on the management of bronchiolitis". Current Opinion in Pediatrics. 26 (3): 328–333. doi:10.1097/MOP.0000000000000090. PMC 4552182. PMID 24739493.
- ^ a b Hancock DG, Charles-Britton B, Dixon DL, Forsyth KD (September 2017). "The heterogeneity of viral bronchiolitis: A lack of universal consensus definitions". Pediatric Pulmonology. 52 (9): 1234–1240. doi:10.1002/ppul.23750. PMID 28672069. S2CID 3454691.
- ^ a b Ali A, Plint AC, Klassen TP (2012). "Bronchiolitis". In Kendig EL, Wilmott RW, Boat TF, Bush A, Chernick V (eds.). Kendig and Chernick's Disorders of the Respiratory Tract in Children. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 450. ISBN 978-1437719840.
- ^ a b c Ryu JH, Azadeh N, Samhouri B, Yi E (2020). "Recent advances in the understanding of bronchiolitis in adults". F1000Research. 9: 568. doi:10.12688/f1000research.21778.1. PMC 7281671. PMID 32551095.
- ^ Kumar V, Abbas AK, Aster JC (2018). Robbins basic pathology (Tenth ed.). Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: Elsevier. p. 502. ISBN 9780323353175.
- ^ Kenmoe, Sebastien; Kengne-Nde, Cyprien; Ebogo-Belobo, Jean Thierry; Mbaga, Donatien Serge; Fatawou Modiyinji, Abdou; Njouom, Richard (12 November 2020). de Swart, Rik L. (ed.). "Systematic review and meta-analysis of the prevalence of common respiratory viruses in children < 2 years with bronchiolitis in the pre-COVID-19 pandemic era". PLOS ONE. 15 (11): e0242302. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0242302. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 7660462. PMID 33180855.
- ^ a b Kirolos A, Manti S, Blacow R, Tse G, Wilson T, Lister M, et al. (October 2020). "A Systematic Review of Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Bronchiolitis". The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 222 (Suppl 7): S672–S679. doi:10.1093/infdis/jiz240. hdl:20.500.11820/7d4708e3-7cdc-49f7-a9b3-a29040f4ff4e. PMID 31541233.
- ^ Ralston SL, Lieberthal AS, Meissner HC, Alverson BK, Baley JE, Gadomski AM, et al. (November 2014). "Clinical practice guideline: the diagnosis, management, and prevention of bronchiolitis". Pediatrics. 134 (5): e1474–e1502. doi:10.1542/peds.2014-2742. PMID 25349312.
- ^ Graham BS, Anderson LJ (2013). Challenges and Opportunities for Respiratory Syncytial Virus Vaccines. Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology. Vol. 372. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 391–404. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-38919-1_20. ISBN 9783642389191. PMC 7121045. PMID 24362701.
Previous Page Next Page
