Burkholderia pseudomallei

Burkholderia pseudomallei
Burkholderia pseudomallei colonies on Ashdown's agar showing the characteristic cornflower head morphology
Scientific classification
Domain:	Bacteria
Phylum:	Pseudomonadota
Class:	Betaproteobacteria
Order:	Burkholderiales
Family:	Burkholderiaceae
Genus:	Burkholderia
Species:	B. pseudomallei
Binomial name
Burkholderia pseudomallei (Whitmore 1913) Yabuuchi et al. 1993[1]
Synonyms
Bacillus pseudomallei Whitmore 1913 Bacterium whitmori Stanton and Fletcher 1921 Malleomyces pseudomallei Breed 1939 Loefflerella pseudomallei Brindle and Cowan 1951 Pfeiferella pseudomallei Pseudomonas pseudomallei (Whitmore 1913) Haynes 1957

Burkholderia pseudomallei^[a] (also known as Pseudomonas pseudomallei) is a Gram-negative, bipolar, aerobic, motile rod-shaped bacterium.^[2] It is a soil-dwelling bacterium endemic in tropical and subtropical regions worldwide, particularly in Thailand and northern Australia.^[3] It was reported in 2008 that there had been an expansion of the affected regions due to significant natural disasters, and it could be found in Southern China, Hong Kong, and countries in the Americas.^[4] B. pseudomallei, amongst other pathogens, has been found in monkeys imported into the United States from Asia for laboratory use, posing a risk that the pathogen could be introduced into the country.^[5]

Although it is mainly a soil-dwelling bacteria, one study showed that Burkholderia pseudomallei survived in distilled water for 16 years, demonstrating that it is capable of living in water if a specific environment is provided.^[6] It is resistant to a variety of harsh conditions including nutrient deficiency, extreme temperature or pH.^[7] It infects humans, causing the disease melioidosis;^[8] mortality is 20–50% even with treatment. The CDC classifies it as a "Tier 1 select agent" with potential as a bioterrorism agent.^[5] It infects other animals, most commonly livestock such as goats, pigs, and sheep, less frequently.^[9] It is also capable of infecting plants in a laboratory setting.^[10]

Burkholderia pseudomallei measures 2–5 μm in length and 0.4–0.8 μm in diameter and is capable of self-propulsion using flagella. The bacteria can grow in a number of artificial nutrient environments, especially betaine- and arginine-containing ones.

In vitro, optimal proliferation temperature is reported around 40 °C in neutral or slightly acidic environments (pH 6.8–7.0). The majority of strains are capable of oxidation, not fermentation, of sugars without gas formation (most importantly, glucose and galactose; older cultures are reported to also metabolize maltose and starch). Bacteria produce both exo- and endotoxins. The role of the toxins identified in the process of melioidosis symptom development has not been fully elucidated.^[11]

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