Our website is made possible by displaying online advertisements to our visitors.
Please consider supporting us by disabling your ad blocker.
Buyid dynasty
Buyid dynasty | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 934–1062[1] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
 The Buyid dynasty in 970 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
.PNG) The Buyid realm at the time of Adud al-Dawla's death (Yemen not shown) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Capital | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Common languages |
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Religion | Shia Islam (dynasty)[3] Sunni Islam (majority) Zoroastrianism Christianity Judaism | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Government | Hereditary monarchy | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Emir, Shahanshah | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
• 934–949 | Imad al-Dawla | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
• 1048–1062 | Abu Mansur Fulad Sutun | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Historical era | Middle Ages Islamic Golden Age Iranian Intermezzo | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
• Established | 934 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
• Imad al-Dawla proclaimed himself Emir | 934 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
• Adud al-Dawla becomes the supreme ruler of the Buyid dynasty | 979 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
• Disestablished | 1062[1] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Area | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 980 est.[4][5] | 1,600,000 km2 (620,000 sq mi) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Currency | dirham, dinar | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
The Buyid dynasty[a][b] or Buyid Empire was a Zaydi and later Twelver Shi'a dynasty of Daylamite origin.[3][c] Founded by Imad al-Dawla,[8] they mainly ruled over central and southern Iran and Iraq from 934 to 1062. Coupled with the rise of other Iranian dynasties in the region, the approximate century of Buyid rule represents the period in Iranian history sometimes called the Iranian Intermezzo.[9]
The Buyid dynasty was founded by Ali ibn Buya, who in 934 conquered Fars and made Shiraz his capital. He received the laqab or honorific title of Imad al-Dawla (lit. 'Fortifier of the State'). His younger brother, Hasan ibn Buya (r. 935–976) conquered parts of Jibal in the late 930s, and by 943 managed to capture Ray, which he made his capital. Hasan was given the laqab of Rukn al-Dawla (lit. 'Pillar of the State'). In 945, the youngest brother, Ahmad ibn Buya, conquered Iraq and made Baghdad his capital. He was given the laqab Mu'izz al-Dawla.
As Iranians of Daylamite provenance, the Buyids consciously revived symbols and practices of the Sasanian Empire.[10] Beginning with Imad al-Dawla, some of the Buyid rulers used the ancient Sasanian title of Shahanshah, literally "king of kings".[3] The Buyids had many inscriptions carved at the Achaemenid ruins of Persepolis, thus suggesting a form of veneration of the site, which the Buyids thought was built by the mythical Iranian king Jamshid.[11]
The Buyid dynasty reached its zenith under Fannā Khusraw (r. 949–983), whose laqab was Adud al-Dawla. who is remembered for his open-mindedness and building projects such as the Band-e Amir dam near Shiraz.[12] Under him, the Buyid realm stretched from the Byzantine border in Syria in the west to the borders of Khorasan in the east.[13]
Although the Buyids were initially Zaydi Shia, they became Twelver Shia following the Major Occultation of Muhammad al-Mahdi after the death of his fourth agent in 941. Regardless, the Buyids were known for supporting the Sunni Abbasid caliphs and being tolerant of the Sunni population, who formed the majority of their realm. They were, by contrast, unfriendly towards the Fatimid Caliphate centered in Egypt, who were Isma'ilis.[12]
Contrary to the Samanids, who ruled over a mostly Sunni Muslim population in Central Asia, the Buyid realm was populated by many Zoroastrians and Christians (primarily of the Church of the East). Because of this, many records written under the Buyids were composed in Middle Persian, Syriac and Arabic.[12]
- ^ Bosworth 1996, pp. 154.
- ^ a b c Davaran 2010, p. 156.
- ^ a b c d Sajjadi, Asatryan & Melvin-Koushki.
- ^ Turchin, Peter; Adams, Jonathan M.; Hall, Thomas D (December 2006). "East-West Orientation of Historical Empires". Journal of World-Systems Research. 12 (2): 222. ISSN 1076-156X. Retrieved 12 September 2016.
- ^ Rein Taagepera (September 1997). "Expansion and Contraction Patterns of Large Polities: Context for Russia". International Studies Quarterly. 41 (3): 475–504. doi:10.1111/0020-8833.00053. JSTOR 2600793.
- ^ Nagel 1990, pp. 578–586
- ^ Busse 1975, pp. 251–252; Bürgel & Mottahedeh 1988, pp. 265–269; Nagel 1990, pp. 578–586; Bosworth 1996, pp. 154–155; Kennedy 2004, p. 211; Karsh 2007, pp. 60; Cahen 1960, pp. 1350–1357; Felix & Madelung 1995, pp. 342–347.
- ^ Busse 1975, p. 262: "ʿImād al-Daula may therefore accurately be said to have founded the Būyid Empire, but not to have moulded it into shape."
- ^ Blair 1992, p. 103.
- ^ Goldschmidt, Arthur (2002). A Concise History of the Middle East (7 ed.). Boulder, CO: Westview Press. p. 87. ISBN 978-0813338859.
- ^ Herzig & Stewart 2011, p. 36.
- ^ a b c Frye & Keshk 2014.
- ^ Bürgel & Mottahedeh 1988, pp. 265–269.
Cite error: There are <ref group=lower-alpha> tags or {{efn}} templates on this page, but the references will not show without a {{reflist|group=lower-alpha}} template or {{notelist}} template (see the help page).
Previous Page Next Page
