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Chloramphenicol
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| Clinical data | |
|---|---|
| Trade names | Chloromycetin, Abeed, others[1] |
| Other names | C/CHL/CL[2] |
| AHFS/Drugs.com | Monograph |
| MedlinePlus | a608008 |
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| Routes of administration | Topical (eye drops), by mouth, intravenous therapy (IV), intramuscular injection (IM) |
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| Pharmacokinetic data | |
| Bioavailability | 75–90% |
| Protein binding | 60% |
| Metabolism | Liver |
| Elimination half-life | 1.6–3.3 hours |
| Excretion | Kidney (5–15%), faeces (4%) |
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| CompTox Dashboard (EPA) | |
| ECHA InfoCard | 100.000.262 |
| Chemical and physical data | |
| Formula | C11H12Cl2N2O5 |
| Molar mass | 323.13 g·mol−1 |
| 3D model (JSmol) | |
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Chloramphenicol is an antibiotic useful for the treatment of a number of bacterial infections.[5] This includes use as an eye ointment to treat conjunctivitis.[6] By mouth or by injection into a vein, it is used to treat meningitis, plague, cholera, and typhoid fever.[5] Its use by mouth or by injection is only recommended when safer antibiotics cannot be used.[5] Monitoring both blood levels of the medication and blood cell levels every two days is recommended during treatment.[5]
Common side effects include bone marrow suppression, nausea, and diarrhea.[5] The bone marrow suppression may result in death.[5] To reduce the risk of side effects treatment duration should be as short as possible.[5] People with liver or kidney problems may need lower doses.[5] In young infants, a condition known as gray baby syndrome may occur which results in a swollen stomach and low blood pressure.[5] Its use near the end of pregnancy and during breastfeeding is typically not recommended.[7] Chloramphenicol is a broad-spectrum antibiotic that typically stops bacterial growth by stopping the production of proteins.[5]
Chloramphenicol was discovered after being isolated from Streptomyces venezuelae in 1947.[8] Its chemical structure was identified and it was first synthesized in 1949. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines.[9] It is available as a generic medication.[5]
- ^ Woods AL (2008). Delmar nurse's drug handbook (2009 ed.). Clifton Park, N.Y.: Delmar. p. 296. ISBN 9781428361065. Archived from the original on 2016-03-05.
- ^ "Antibiotic abbreviations list". Retrieved 22 June 2023.
- ^ "FDA-sourced list of all drugs with black box warnings (Use Download Full Results and View Query links.)". nctr-crs.fda.gov. FDA. Retrieved 22 Oct 2023.
- ^ "Chloramphenicol". PubChem. Archived from the original on 2016-11-15.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k "Chloramphenicol". The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. Archived from the original on 2015-06-24. Retrieved Aug 1, 2015.
- ^ Edwards KH (2009). Optometry: Science, Techniques and Clinical Management. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 102. ISBN 978-0750687782. Archived from the original on 2017-03-07.
- ^ "Chloramphenicol Pregnancy and Breastfeeding Warnings". Multum Information Services. Archived from the original on 8 September 2015. Retrieved 26 August 2015.
- ^ Pongs O (1979). "Chapter 3: Chloramphenicol". In Hahn FE (ed.). Mechanism of Action of Antibacterial Agents. Antibiotics Volume V Part 1. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg. pp. 26–42. ISBN 978-3-642-46403-4.
- ^ World Health Organization (2019). World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 21st list 2019. Geneva: World Health Organization. hdl:10665/325771. WHO/MVP/EMP/IAU/2019.06. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO.
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