Down to the Countryside Movement

Down to the Countryside Movement
Some of the 200,000 sent-down youth from Shenyang (1968)
Traditional Chinese	上山下鄉運動
Simplified Chinese	上山下乡运动
Literal meaning	The Up to the Mountains & Down to the Villages Movement
Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin Shàngshān Xiàxiāng Yùndòng Wade–Giles Shang4-shan1 Hsia4-hsiang1 Yün4-tung4 IPA [ʂâŋʂán ɕjâɕjáŋ ŷntʊ̂ŋ] Yue: Cantonese Jyutping Soeng5-saan1 Haa6-hoeng1 Wan6-dung6
Resettlement
Traditional Chinese	插隊落戶
Simplified Chinese	插队落户
Literal meaning	join the team, leave the home
Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin chāduì luòhù

The Up to the Mountains and Down to the Countryside Movement, often known simply as the Down to the Countryside Movement, was a policy instituted in the People's Republic of China between the mid-1950s and 1978. As a result of what he perceived to be pro-bourgeois thinking prevalent during the Cultural Revolution, Chairman Mao Zedong declared certain privileged urban youth would be sent to mountainous areas or farming villages to learn from the workers and farmers there. In total, approximately 17 million youth were sent to rural areas as a result of the movement.^[1] Usually only the oldest child had to go, but younger siblings could volunteer to go instead.

Chairman Mao's policy differed from Chinese President Liu Shaoqi's early 1960s sending-down policy in its political context. President Liu Shaoqi instituted the first sending-down policy to redistribute excess urban population following the Great Chinese Famine and the Great Leap Forward. Mao's stated aim for the policy was to ensure that urban students could "develop their talents to the full" through education amongst the rural population.^[2]

Many fresh high school graduates, who became known as the so-called sent-down youth (also known in China as "educated youth" and abroad as "rusticated youth"), were forced out of the cities and effectively exiled to remote areas of China. Some commentators consider these people, many of whom lost the opportunity to attend university, "China's Lost Generation". Famous authors who have written about their experiences during the movement include Nobel Laureate Liu Xiaobo, Jiang Rong, Ma Bo and Zhang Chengzhi, all of whom went to Inner Mongolia. Dai Sijie's Balzac and the Little Chinese Seamstress has received great praise for its take on life for the young people sent to rural villages of China during the movement (see scar literature). General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party Xi Jinping was also among the youth sent to rural areas. Xi was a send-down youth for seven years until he enrolled in Tsinghua University's chemical engineer program in 1975.^{[citation needed]}

In 1978, the government ended the movement, but the sent-down youth were not allowed to return to their homes in urban areas, with exception of those who enrolled the university through Gaokao and some whose parents or relatives were high-level officials. After a huge wave of protest across the country by the send-down youth especially in Xishuangbanna, the State Council eventually allowed the send-down youths to return to urban areas in early 1979.^{[citation needed]}

Resettlement in the countryside (chāduì luòhù) was a more permanent form.^[3][4]