Draft:Template:Somali Civil War infobox

Somali Civil War
	Part of Conflicts in the Horn of Africa, The Ethiopian-Somali conflict, War against the Islamic State, Operation Enduring Freedom – Horn of Africa, and Global War on Terrorism
	; ; Top: An abandoned Mogadishu street in 1993, shortly after the fall of the Siad Barre government ; Bottom: Approximate map of the current phase of the Somali Civil War (updated December 2024)[dubious – discuss] Somalia: Under control of The Federal Government of Somalia, Jubaland, Puntland, the African Union Support and Stabilization Mission in Somalia, and The United States Islamic terrorist groups: Under presence/control of Al-Qaeda backed Al-Shabaab and allies Under control of Islamic State backed Somalia Wilayah Somaliland Under control of the self-declared state of Somaliland (For a more detailed map of the current military situation, see here)
Date	1981/1988/1991 (disputed) – present
Location	Somalia, with spillovers in Kenya and Ethiopia
Status	Ongoing Consolidation of states from 1998 to 2006; Ethiopian invasion against the Islamic Courts Union; Conflict between radical Islamists and the government continues; New government formed in 2012; Las Anod conflict between Somaliland and SSC-Khatumo begins in 2023; Ongoing Constitutional crisis in Somalia since 2023;
Belligerents
Commanders and leaders
Units involved
Casualties and losses
	Casualties:; 350,000–500,000+ killed; Displaced:; 2,000,000–3,800,000 displaced

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Instructions · What links here · Template:Somali Civil War infobox (talk: + · bio) · (log) · Copyvios report · reFill · Citation Bot · (Search: Google, Wikipedia) · Submitted 13 days ago by Zabezt (talk: D · +) · Last edited 0 seconds ago

^ A, Nelson, Elizabeth (September 14, 2021). Regional Politics and State Secession. Edward Elgar Publishing. p. 102. ISBN 978-1-83910-377-3.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ Gurdon, Charles (1996). "The Horn of Africa". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies. 59 (1): 63. doi:10.1017/S0041977X0002927X. ISSN 1474-0699.
^ "CRAXI HA FIRMATO L' ACCORDO 550 MILIARDI ALLA SOMALIA". La repubblica. September 24, 1985.
^ ^a ^b ^c Copson, Raymond W. (1994). Africa's Wars and Prospects for Peace. M. E. Sharpe. pp. 139–141. ISBN 9781563243004.
^ ^a ^b Metz, Country Studies, 1993, 213-214
^ Ingiriis, Mohamed (April 1, 2016). The Suicidal State in Somalia: The Rise and Fall of the Siad Barre Regime, 1969–1991. United States: University Press of America. pp. 147–150. ISBN 978-0-7618-6719-7 – via Google Books.
^ Einashe, Ismail (October 22, 2018). "In the Valley of Death: Somaliland's Forgotten Genocide". The Nation.
^ Cohen, Robin (November 2, 1995). The Cambridge Survey of World Migration. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-44405-7. in return for depriving the snm of its.
^ Cordesman, Anthony H. (October 6, 2016). After The Storm: The Changing Military Balance in the Middle East. Bloomsbury Academic. ISBN 978-1-4742-9257-3.
^ Cohen, Robin (November 2, 1995). The Cambridge Survey of World Migration. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-44405-7. in return for depriving the snm of its.
^ Cordesman, Anthony H. (October 6, 2016). After The Storm: The Changing Military Balance in the Middle East. Bloomsbury Academic. ISBN 978-1-4742-9257-3.
^ "Peacekeeping Contributor Profile: Australia". Archived from the original on October 16, 2017. Retrieved December 14, 2017.
^ "Peacekeeping Contributor Profile: Austria". Archived from the original on November 22, 2015. Retrieved December 14, 2017.
^ "Peacekeeping Contributor Profile: Bangladesh". Archived from the original on April 8, 2016. Retrieved December 14, 2017.
^ "Peacekeeping Contributor Profile: Belgium". Archived from the original on April 14, 2016. Retrieved December 14, 2017.
^ "Peacekeeping Contributor Profile: France". Archived from the original on December 15, 2017. Retrieved December 14, 2017.
^ "Peacekeeping Contributor Profile: Germany". April 3, 2014. Archived from the original on May 2, 2016. Retrieved December 13, 2017.
^ Axe, David (December 2, 2010). "WikiLeaked Cable Confirms U.S.' Secret Somalia Op". Wired. The Washington Post's Pauline Jelinek, citing anonymous sources, described U.S. Special Forces accompanying Ethiopian troops. CBS news revealed that U.S. Air Force gunships were active over southern Somalia during the Ethiopian blitz. Through all the reporting, U.S. officials remained vague or silent on the subject of Washington's involvement. All the same, evidence was mounting that the U.S. had played a leading role in the Ethiopian invasion.
^ "Somalia insurgents accuse Kenya over border security". Reuters. March 8, 2009. The group has been angry at Kenya since it helped capture Islamists trying to flee Ethiopian and Somali government troops in early 2007.
^ "Malawi to send peacekeepers to Somalia". IRIN. January 22, 2007. Retrieved February 9, 2007.
^ "SOMALIA: African Union endorses regional peace plan". IRIN. September 14, 2006. Retrieved August 25, 2013.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Cite error: The named reference CTC-Sentinel 2022 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ Cite error: The named reference Hassan-2008 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ Cite error: The named reference Sudan Trib-2006a was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ "Ogaden rebels destroy Ethiopian military convoy en route to Somalia". Sudan Tribune. Ogaden National Liberation Front. December 24, 2006. Retrieved December 14, 2023.
^ "Ogaden rebels to resist Ethiopian army if it attacks Somali-statement". Sudan Tribune. Ogaden National Liberation Front. November 28, 2006. Retrieved December 14, 2023.
^ "Somalia: Islamist Group Supports President Sharif". Archived from the original on October 19, 2012. Retrieved February 14, 2009.
^ "In Somalia, U.S. Escalates a Shadow War – The New York Times". The New York Times. October 16, 2016. Archived from the original on October 23, 2016. Retrieved October 22, 2017.
^ David Brown (July 31, 2017). "US airstrike kills Somalia fighter under new Trump authority". Washingtonexaminer.com. Archived from the original on August 18, 2017. Retrieved October 22, 2017.
^ "Somalia: China Donates Military Equipment to Somalia to Aid War Against Terrorists". March 19, 2022.
^ "France reportedly bombs Somali town".
^ "Italy pledges to Somali gov't financial support to uproot Al shabaab". Shabelle. November 3, 2010. Archived from the original on October 8, 2021. Retrieved April 20, 2011.
^ "Russia offers support to Somalian army in fight against terrorist groups". ABC News. Retrieved August 20, 2023.
^ "Russia Offers Military Support to Somalia". VOA. May 26, 2023. Retrieved August 20, 2023.
^ Dhaysane, Mohammed (March 9, 2021). "New batch of Somali troops to get training in Turkey". aa.com.tr.
^ "First British troops arrive in Somalia as part of UN mission". The Guardian. May 2, 2016. Archived from the original on May 2, 2016. Retrieved May 2, 2016.
^ "Italy pledges to Somali gov't financial support to uproot Al shabaab". Shabelle. November 3, 2010. Archived from the original on October 12, 2017. Retrieved April 20, 2011.
^
Multiple sources:
- "Exclusive: Eritrea reduces support for al Shabaab – U.N. report". Reuters. July 16, 2012.
- "How does 'poor' Eritrea afford to fund Al-Shabaab?". Africa Review. November 8, 2011. Archived from the original on October 12, 2017. Retrieved July 5, 2017.
- "Eritrea 'arming' Somali militia". BBC News. July 27, 2007. Retrieved May 20, 2010.*"UN probes Eritrea arms in Somalia – Africa". Al Jazeera English. May 16, 2009. Retrieved April 20, 2011.
- Gettleman, Jeffrey (July 27, 2007). "A U.N. Report on Somalia Accuses Eritrea of Adding to the Chaos". The New York Times. Retrieved May 20, 2010.
^
Multiple sources:
- Fraser-Rahim, Muhammad (July 17, 2020). "In Somalia, Iran Is Replicating Russia's Afghan Strategy". Foreign Policy. Archived from the original on July 17, 2020. Somali military officials maintain that Iran has been running secret operations to undermine the United States in Somalia, providing sophisticated weapons, improvised explosive100000 als used to make bombs. The military officials allege that Iran and its proxies are complicit in al-Shabab attacks on the U.S. military, Somali forces, and the African Union Mission in Somalia
- "The Growing Relationship between Iran and al-Shabab Movement in Somalia: Motives and Potential Consequences". Emirates Policy Center. Archived from the original on December 8, 2022. Retrieved July 27, 2020. For Iran, working with non-State actors such as Al-Shabaab and the Houthis is an essential part of its foreign policy, aimed at expanding its geopolitical influence throughout the region. Tehran has developed an unspoken alliance with Al-Shabaab with the aim of creating a covert intelligence network that will allow it to achieve its goals and support its interests in the Middle East and Africa.
- "Al-Qaeda Affiliate Reportedly Using Iran As Transit Point For Banned Exports". RFE/RL. October 13, 2018. Archived from the original on October 9, 2018.
- "Iran denies shipping arms to Islamist militants in Somalia". Reuters. February 14, 2013. Retrieved August 20, 2023.
^
Multiple sources:
- Bashir, Hamdi (October 7, 2020). "The Future of the Role of Iran's Quds Force in Africa". Emirates Policy Center. Archived from the original on December 8, 2022. The Quds Force has been working with agents and allies, such as Lebanon's Hezbollah and Somalia's Al-Shabaab, which are thought to have recently established relations with the Quds Force.
- Fazeli, Yaghoub (July 19, 2020). "Iran linking with Somalia's al-Shabab to funnel weapons to Houthis". Al Arabiya. Archived from the original on February 11, 2021.
- Fraser-Rahim, Muhammad (July 17, 2020). "In Somalia, Iran Is Replicating Russia's Afghan Strategy". Foreign Policy. Archived from the original on July 17, 2020. Somali police and finance ministry officials claim the Quds Force uses these networks to smuggle Iranian oil into Somalia and then sell cheap oil across Africa to subvert U.S. sanctions, with some of the proceeds used to support militants in Yemen and Somalia
- Bartell, Dawn L.; Gray, David H. (Fall 2012). "Hezbollah and Al Shabaab in Mexico". Global Security Studies. 3 (4): 100–112. Archived from the original on March 24, 2023.
^ "North Korean weapons used by terrorists in Somalia for attack on UN". Israel Defense. November 3, 2023. Retrieved November 3, 2020.
^
Multiple sources:
- Ahmed, Guled (February 9, 2021). "As Farmaajo digs in with Qatari backing, Somalia's election crisis grows worse". Middle East Institute. Archived from the original on February 9, 2021. Qatar has allegedly used al-Shabab to target groups it has identified as opposing its interests, including Somali politicians critical of Doha's role in the country and outside actors like the United Arab Emirates
- Lynch, Colum (November 28, 2012). "Qatar's support for Islamists muddles its reputation as neutral broker in Mideast". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on December 2, 2012. Qatar's cultivation of African Islamists, principally Somalia's al-Shabab insurgents, has similarly troubled the United States, which has accused the movement of providing a haven for al-Qaeda militants involved in attacks against Americans
- Mustafa, Awad; Singh, Karam (August 2, 2017). "Qatar in the Horn of Africa: Friend or Foe?". Small Wars Journal. Archived from the original on August 3, 2017.
- Yüksel, Engin; Tekineş, Haşim (August 26, 2021). "Turkish-Qatari approaches to conflict and crisis across the region". Clingendael. Archived from the original on August 26, 2021. Qatari individuals and government representatives are reported to have been in regular contact with Al-Qaeda and its affiliates in Syria, Iraq, Somalia and Yemen in order to exert geopolitical influence
^
Multiple sources:
- Houreld, Katharine (November 10, 2021). "Iranian-supplied arms smuggled from Yemen into Somalia, study says". Reuters. Archived from the original on November 10, 2021. Guns supplied by Iran to its Houthi allies in Yemen are being smuggled across the Gulf of Aden to Somalia, according to a Geneva-based think tank, where al Qaeda-linked al Shabab insurgents are battling a weak and divided government.
- Redondo, Raúl (July 20, 2020). "Iran allies with Al-Shabaab in Somalia to distribute arms to Houthi rebels". Atalayar. Archived from the original on August 19, 2023. Iran has established links with the jihadist group Al-Shabaab in Somalia to attack United States and other international forces in the African country and the region and to supply arms to Houthi rebels in Yemen
- Fazeli, Yaghoub (July 19, 2020). "Iran linking with Somalia's al-Shabab to funnel weapons to Houthis". Al Arabiya. Archived from the original on February 11, 2021.
^
UN sources:
- "Final report of the Panel of Experts on Yemen established pursuant to Security Council resolution 2140 (2014)" (PDF). un.org. UN Security Council. October 11, 2024. pp. 2, 12. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 8, 2024. In addition, increased smuggling activities involving small arms and light weapons are observed between the Houthis and Al-Shabaab, with indications of shared military supplies or a common supplier. ... Houthis are evaluating options to carry out attacks at sea from the Somali coast. To that end, they are strengthening ties with the terrorist group Harakat Al-Shabaab Al-Mujaahidiin (Al-Shabaab).
- "UN experts say Houthis collaborated with Al-Qaeda to weaken Yemeni government". Arab News. November 3, 2024. Archived from the original on November 8, 2024.
- "UN Panel of Experts Report Reveals Houthi Militia's Relationship with Al-Qaeda and Al-Shabaab Movement in Somalia". Yemen Shabab Net. November 2, 2024. Archived from the original on November 8, 2024.
^ ^a ^b Robyn Kriel; Briana Duggan (July 10, 2017). "CNN Exclusive: Somali pirate kings are under investigation for helping ISIS and al-Shabaab". CNN. Retrieved August 7, 2017.
^ "ISIL's First East African Affiliate Conducts Attacks in Somalia, Kenya". DefenseNews. December 29, 2015.
^ "Somalia: Pro-ISIL militants, Al Shabaab clash in deadly Puntland infighting". Garowe Online. December 24, 2015. Archived from the original on January 26, 2016. Retrieved January 28, 2016.
^ Cite error: The named reference vow was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ "Ethiopia training Somaliland troops amid tension with Somalia". Garowe Online. June 30, 2020. Retrieved November 21, 2024.
^ "Analysis: Israel's Strategic Interest in Establishing a Base in Somaliland". hornobserver.com. October 20, 2024. Retrieved November 24, 2024.
^ emiratesleaks (August 3, 2024). "Exclusive: UAE Funds Construction of Israeli Military Base in Somaliland". الإمارات ليكس. Retrieved November 24, 2024.
^ "Board of Directors". Central Bank of Somalia. Archived from the original on May 18, 2015. Retrieved May 3, 2015.
^ "UN senior official calls for widespread support for Somali Government reform efforts" (PDF). United Nations. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 4, 2015. Retrieved May 3, 2015.
^ "Somalia - UNOSOM II: Background". United Nations. Archived from the original on January 15, 2017. Retrieved May 3, 2015.
^ "Richard B. Cheney - George H.W. Bush Administration". US Office of the Secretary of Defense. Archived from the original on May 18, 2015. Retrieved May 3, 2015.
^ ^a ^b "Twentieth Century Atlas – Death Tolls and Casualty Statistics for Wars, Dictatorships and Genocides". Users.erols.com. Archived from the original on April 26, 2011. Retrieved April 20, 2011.
^ Fearon, James D. (2004). "Why Do Some Civil Wars Last So Much Longer Than Others?". Journal of Peace Research. 41 (3): 275–301. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.19.3818. doi:10.1177/0022343304043770. S2CID 7158376.
^ Robinson, Colin (2016). "Revisiting the rise and fall of the Somali Armed Forces, 1960–2012". Defense & Security Analysis. 32 (3): 237–252. doi:10.1080/14751798.2016.1199122. S2CID 156874430.
^ "Lt. Gen. Diomede Ndegeya". atmis-au.org. June 3, 2022.
^ "MAHAD KARATE | United Nations Security Council". un.org.
^ "Mahad Karate – RewardsForJustice". rewardsforjustice.net.
^ "Treasury Designates al-Shabaab Financial Facilitators". September 20, 2024.
^ Robinson, Colin D. "Rebuilding armies in southern Somalia: What currently should donors realistically aim for?," Conflict, Security & Development (2021): 320, 330-331.
^ "As ATMIS Looks To Withdraw". December 10, 2024.
^ "HEAD OF ATMIS HAILS UN COLLABORATION IN FOSTERING PEACE IN SOMALIA". atmis-au.org. November 18, 2023. Retrieved February 7, 2024.
^ AP, Omar Faruk and Cara Anna (March 1, 2023). "US increases military support for Somalia against al-Shabab". Defense News. Retrieved December 7, 2024.
^ "UN report indicates al-Qaeda and ISIS enjoy safe haven in Turkish-controlled Idlib". Nordic Monitor. February 9, 2022. Retrieved February 15, 2022.
^ "Somalia: Ideologial Differences Split Somalia's Al-Shabaab". allAfrica.com. December 20, 2009. Archived from the original on June 4, 2011. Retrieved April 20, 2011.
^
Multiple Sources:
- "S/2024/556". United Nations. Retrieved August 1, 2024.
- Maruf, Haran (October 26, 2016). "IS Militants Seize Town in Somalia's Puntland". voanews.com. Voice of America. Archived from the original on October 30, 2016. Retrieved October 29, 2016.
^ ^a ^b Hoehne, Markus Virgil (June 12, 2023). "The Dynamics of Conflict over Lasanod: Ongoing Fighting, Administration Building, Failed Mediation and Forecast". African Arguments. Retrieved August 28, 2024.
^ c.f. UCDP datasets Archived June 28, 2013, at the Wayback Machine for SNA, SRRC, USC, SNM, ARS/UIC and Al-Shabaab tolls.
^ UCDP non-state conflict Archived March 4, 2016, at the Wayback Machine tolls
^ "Somali refugee displacements in the near region: Analysis and Recommendations" (PDF). UNCHR. Archived (PDF) from the original on September 1, 2022. Retrieved October 2, 2022.
^ "Somalia Complex crisis". ascaps.org. Archived from the original on October 2, 2022. Retrieved October 2, 2022.

Cite error: There are <ref group=lower-alpha> tags or {{efn}} templates on this page, but the references will not show without a {{reflist|group=lower-alpha}} template or {{notelist}} template (see the help page).
Cite error: There are <ref group=nb> tags on this page, but the references will not show without a {{reflist|group=nb}} template (see the help page).

[1] A, Nelson, Elizabeth (September 14, 2021). Regional Politics and State Secession. Edward Elgar Publishing. p. 102. ISBN 978-1-83910-377-3.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

[:22-2] Gurdon, Charles (1996). "The Horn of Africa". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies. 59 (1): 63. doi:10.1017/S0041977X0002927X. ISSN 1474-0699.

[3] "CRAXI HA FIRMATO L' ACCORDO 550 MILIARDI ALLA SOMALIA". La repubblica. September 24, 1985.

[Copson-4] Copson, Raymond W. (1994). Africa's Wars and Prospects for Peace. M. E. Sharpe. pp. 139–141. ISBN 9781563243004.

[Metz,_Country_Studies_1993-5] Metz, Country Studies, 1993, 213-214

[6] Ingiriis, Mohamed (April 1, 2016). The Suicidal State in Somalia: The Rise and Fall of the Siad Barre Regime, 1969–1991. United States: University Press of America. pp. 147–150. ISBN 978-0-7618-6719-7 – via Google Books.

[7] Einashe, Ismail (October 22, 2018). "In the Valley of Death: Somaliland's Forgotten Genocide". The Nation.

[cohen_1995-8] Cohen, Robin (November 2, 1995). The Cambridge Survey of World Migration. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-44405-7. in return for depriving the snm of its.

[cordesman_2016-9] Cordesman, Anthony H. (October 6, 2016). After The Storm: The Changing Military Balance in the Middle East. Bloomsbury Academic. ISBN 978-1-4742-9257-3.

[:40-10] Cohen, Robin (November 2, 1995). The Cambridge Survey of World Migration. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-44405-7. in return for depriving the snm of its.

[:41-11] Cordesman, Anthony H. (October 6, 2016). After The Storm: The Changing Military Balance in the Middle East. Bloomsbury Academic. ISBN 978-1-4742-9257-3.

[12] "Peacekeeping Contributor Profile: Australia". Archived from the original on October 16, 2017. Retrieved December 14, 2017.

[13] "Peacekeeping Contributor Profile: Austria". Archived from the original on November 22, 2015. Retrieved December 14, 2017.

[14] "Peacekeeping Contributor Profile: Bangladesh". Archived from the original on April 8, 2016. Retrieved December 14, 2017.

[15] "Peacekeeping Contributor Profile: Belgium". Archived from the original on April 14, 2016. Retrieved December 14, 2017.

[16] "Peacekeeping Contributor Profile: France". Archived from the original on December 15, 2017. Retrieved December 14, 2017.

[17] "Peacekeeping Contributor Profile: Germany". April 3, 2014. Archived from the original on May 2, 2016. Retrieved December 13, 2017.

[18] Axe, David (December 2, 2010). "WikiLeaked Cable Confirms U.S.' Secret Somalia Op". Wired. The Washington Post's Pauline Jelinek, citing anonymous sources, described U.S. Special Forces accompanying Ethiopian troops. CBS news revealed that U.S. Air Force gunships were active over southern Somalia during the Ethiopian blitz. Through all the reporting, U.S. officials remained vague or silent on the subject of Washington's involvement. All the same, evidence was mounting that the U.S. had played a leading role in the Ethiopian invasion.

[19] "Somalia insurgents accuse Kenya over border security". Reuters. March 8, 2009. The group has been angry at Kenya since it helped capture Islamists trying to flee Ethiopian and Somali government troops in early 2007.

[MALAWI-TO-SEND-PEACEKEEPERS-TO-SOMALIA-20] "Malawi to send peacekeepers to Somalia". IRIN. January 22, 2007. Retrieved February 9, 2007.

[Sauerpp-21] "SOMALIA: African Union endorses regional peace plan". IRIN. September 14, 2006. Retrieved August 25, 2013.

[CTC-Sentinel_2022-22] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Cite error: The named reference CTC-Sentinel 2022 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[Hassan-2008-23] Cite error: The named reference Hassan-2008 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[Sudan_Trib-2006a-24] Cite error: The named reference Sudan Trib-2006a was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[sudantribune.com-25] "Ogaden rebels destroy Ethiopian military convoy en route to Somalia". Sudan Tribune. Ogaden National Liberation Front. December 24, 2006. Retrieved December 14, 2023.

[26] "Ogaden rebels to resist Ethiopian army if it attacks Somali-statement". Sudan Tribune. Ogaden National Liberation Front. November 28, 2006. Retrieved December 14, 2023.

[27] "Somalia: Islamist Group Supports President Sharif". Archived from the original on October 19, 2012. Retrieved February 14, 2009.

[nytimes1-28] "In Somalia, U.S. Escalates a Shadow War – The New York Times". The New York Times. October 16, 2016. Archived from the original on October 23, 2016. Retrieved October 22, 2017.

[29] David Brown (July 31, 2017). "US airstrike kills Somalia fighter under new Trump authority". Washingtonexaminer.com. Archived from the original on August 18, 2017. Retrieved October 22, 2017.

[30] "Somalia: China Donates Military Equipment to Somalia to Aid War Against Terrorists". March 19, 2022.

[31] "France reportedly bombs Somali town".

[32] "Italy pledges to Somali gov't financial support to uproot Al shabaab". Shabelle. November 3, 2010. Archived from the original on October 8, 2021. Retrieved April 20, 2011.

[33] "Russia offers support to Somalian army in fight against terrorist groups". ABC News. Retrieved August 20, 2023.

[34] "Russia Offers Military Support to Somalia". VOA. May 26, 2023. Retrieved August 20, 2023.

[35] Dhaysane, Mohammed (March 9, 2021). "New batch of Somali troops to get training in Turkey". aa.com.tr.

[auto-36] "First British troops arrive in Somalia as part of UN mission". The Guardian. May 2, 2016. Archived from the original on May 2, 2016. Retrieved May 2, 2016.

[37] "Italy pledges to Somali gov't financial support to uproot Al shabaab". Shabelle. November 3, 2010. Archived from the original on October 12, 2017. Retrieved April 20, 2011.

[38] Multiple sources:
"Exclusive: Eritrea reduces support for al Shabaab – U.N. report". Reuters. July 16, 2012.

"How does 'poor' Eritrea afford to fund Al-Shabaab?". Africa Review. November 8, 2011. Archived from the original on October 12, 2017. Retrieved July 5, 2017.

"Eritrea 'arming' Somali militia". BBC News. July 27, 2007. Retrieved May 20, 2010.*"UN probes Eritrea arms in Somalia – Africa". Al Jazeera English. May 16, 2009. Retrieved April 20, 2011.

Gettleman, Jeffrey (July 27, 2007). "A U.N. Report on Somalia Accuses Eritrea of Adding to the Chaos". The New York Times. Retrieved May 20, 2010.

[39] "Exclusive: Eritrea reduces support for al Shabaab – U.N. report". Reuters. July 16, 2012.

[40] "How does 'poor' Eritrea afford to fund Al-Shabaab?". Africa Review. November 8, 2011. Archived from the original on October 12, 2017. Retrieved July 5, 2017.

[41] "Eritrea 'arming' Somali militia". BBC News. July 27, 2007. Retrieved May 20, 2010.*"UN probes Eritrea arms in Somalia – Africa". Al Jazeera English. May 16, 2009. Retrieved April 20, 2011.

[42] Gettleman, Jeffrey (July 27, 2007). "A U.N. Report on Somalia Accuses Eritrea of Adding to the Chaos". The New York Times. Retrieved May 20, 2010.

[39] Multiple sources:
Fraser-Rahim, Muhammad (July 17, 2020). "In Somalia, Iran Is Replicating Russia's Afghan Strategy". Foreign Policy. Archived from the original on July 17, 2020. Somali military officials maintain that Iran has been running secret operations to undermine the United States in Somalia, providing sophisticated weapons, improvised explosive100000 als used to make bombs. The military officials allege that Iran and its proxies are complicit in al-Shabab attacks on the U.S. military, Somali forces, and the African Union Mission in Somalia

"The Growing Relationship between Iran and al-Shabab Movement in Somalia: Motives and Potential Consequences". Emirates Policy Center. Archived from the original on December 8, 2022. Retrieved July 27, 2020. For Iran, working with non-State actors such as Al-Shabaab and the Houthis is an essential part of its foreign policy, aimed at expanding its geopolitical influence throughout the region. Tehran has developed an unspoken alliance with Al-Shabaab with the aim of creating a covert intelligence network that will allow it to achieve its goals and support its interests in the Middle East and Africa.

"Al-Qaeda Affiliate Reportedly Using Iran As Transit Point For Banned Exports". RFE/RL. October 13, 2018. Archived from the original on October 9, 2018.

"Iran denies shipping arms to Islamist militants in Somalia". Reuters. February 14, 2013. Retrieved August 20, 2023.

[44] Fraser-Rahim, Muhammad (July 17, 2020). "In Somalia, Iran Is Replicating Russia's Afghan Strategy". Foreign Policy. Archived from the original on July 17, 2020. Somali military officials maintain that Iran has been running secret operations to undermine the United States in Somalia, providing sophisticated weapons, improvised explosive100000 als used to make bombs. The military officials allege that Iran and its proxies are complicit in al-Shabab attacks on the U.S. military, Somali forces, and the African Union Mission in Somalia

[45] "The Growing Relationship between Iran and al-Shabab Movement in Somalia: Motives and Potential Consequences". Emirates Policy Center. Archived from the original on December 8, 2022. Retrieved July 27, 2020. For Iran, working with non-State actors such as Al-Shabaab and the Houthis is an essential part of its foreign policy, aimed at expanding its geopolitical influence throughout the region. Tehran has developed an unspoken alliance with Al-Shabaab with the aim of creating a covert intelligence network that will allow it to achieve its goals and support its interests in the Middle East and Africa.

[46] "Al-Qaeda Affiliate Reportedly Using Iran As Transit Point For Banned Exports". RFE/RL. October 13, 2018. Archived from the original on October 9, 2018.

[47] "Iran denies shipping arms to Islamist militants in Somalia". Reuters. February 14, 2013. Retrieved August 20, 2023.

[40] Multiple sources:
Bashir, Hamdi (October 7, 2020). "The Future of the Role of Iran's Quds Force in Africa". Emirates Policy Center. Archived from the original on December 8, 2022. The Quds Force has been working with agents and allies, such as Lebanon's Hezbollah and Somalia's Al-Shabaab, which are thought to have recently established relations with the Quds Force.

Fazeli, Yaghoub (July 19, 2020). "Iran linking with Somalia's al-Shabab to funnel weapons to Houthis". Al Arabiya. Archived from the original on February 11, 2021.

Fraser-Rahim, Muhammad (July 17, 2020). "In Somalia, Iran Is Replicating Russia's Afghan Strategy". Foreign Policy. Archived from the original on July 17, 2020. Somali police and finance ministry officials claim the Quds Force uses these networks to smuggle Iranian oil into Somalia and then sell cheap oil across Africa to subvert U.S. sanctions, with some of the proceeds used to support militants in Yemen and Somalia

Bartell, Dawn L.; Gray, David H. (Fall 2012). "Hezbollah and Al Shabaab in Mexico". Global Security Studies. 3 (4): 100–112. Archived from the original on March 24, 2023.

[49] Bashir, Hamdi (October 7, 2020). "The Future of the Role of Iran's Quds Force in Africa". Emirates Policy Center. Archived from the original on December 8, 2022. The Quds Force has been working with agents and allies, such as Lebanon's Hezbollah and Somalia's Al-Shabaab, which are thought to have recently established relations with the Quds Force.

[50] Fazeli, Yaghoub (July 19, 2020). "Iran linking with Somalia's al-Shabab to funnel weapons to Houthis". Al Arabiya. Archived from the original on February 11, 2021.

[51] Fraser-Rahim, Muhammad (July 17, 2020). "In Somalia, Iran Is Replicating Russia's Afghan Strategy". Foreign Policy. Archived from the original on July 17, 2020. Somali police and finance ministry officials claim the Quds Force uses these networks to smuggle Iranian oil into Somalia and then sell cheap oil across Africa to subvert U.S. sanctions, with some of the proceeds used to support militants in Yemen and Somalia

[52] Bartell, Dawn L.; Gray, David H. (Fall 2012). "Hezbollah and Al Shabaab in Mexico". Global Security Studies. 3 (4): 100–112. Archived from the original on March 24, 2023.

[41] "North Korean weapons used by terrorists in Somalia for attack on UN". Israel Defense. November 3, 2023. Retrieved November 3, 2020.

[42] Multiple sources:
Ahmed, Guled (February 9, 2021). "As Farmaajo digs in with Qatari backing, Somalia's election crisis grows worse". Middle East Institute. Archived from the original on February 9, 2021. Qatar has allegedly used al-Shabab to target groups it has identified as opposing its interests, including Somali politicians critical of Doha's role in the country and outside actors like the United Arab Emirates

Lynch, Colum (November 28, 2012). "Qatar's support for Islamists muddles its reputation as neutral broker in Mideast". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on December 2, 2012. Qatar's cultivation of African Islamists, principally Somalia's al-Shabab insurgents, has similarly troubled the United States, which has accused the movement of providing a haven for al-Qaeda militants involved in attacks against Americans

Mustafa, Awad; Singh, Karam (August 2, 2017). "Qatar in the Horn of Africa: Friend or Foe?". Small Wars Journal. Archived from the original on August 3, 2017.

Yüksel, Engin; Tekineş, Haşim (August 26, 2021). "Turkish-Qatari approaches to conflict and crisis across the region". Clingendael. Archived from the original on August 26, 2021. Qatari individuals and government representatives are reported to have been in regular contact with Al-Qaeda and its affiliates in Syria, Iraq, Somalia and Yemen in order to exert geopolitical influence

[55] Ahmed, Guled (February 9, 2021). "As Farmaajo digs in with Qatari backing, Somalia's election crisis grows worse". Middle East Institute. Archived from the original on February 9, 2021. Qatar has allegedly used al-Shabab to target groups it has identified as opposing its interests, including Somali politicians critical of Doha's role in the country and outside actors like the United Arab Emirates

[56] Lynch, Colum (November 28, 2012). "Qatar's support for Islamists muddles its reputation as neutral broker in Mideast". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on December 2, 2012. Qatar's cultivation of African Islamists, principally Somalia's al-Shabab insurgents, has similarly troubled the United States, which has accused the movement of providing a haven for al-Qaeda militants involved in attacks against Americans

[57] Mustafa, Awad; Singh, Karam (August 2, 2017). "Qatar in the Horn of Africa: Friend or Foe?". Small Wars Journal. Archived from the original on August 3, 2017.

[58] Yüksel, Engin; Tekineş, Haşim (August 26, 2021). "Turkish-Qatari approaches to conflict and crisis across the region". Clingendael. Archived from the original on August 26, 2021. Qatari individuals and government representatives are reported to have been in regular contact with Al-Qaeda and its affiliates in Syria, Iraq, Somalia and Yemen in order to exert geopolitical influence

[43] Multiple sources:
Houreld, Katharine (November 10, 2021). "Iranian-supplied arms smuggled from Yemen into Somalia, study says". Reuters. Archived from the original on November 10, 2021. Guns supplied by Iran to its Houthi allies in Yemen are being smuggled across the Gulf of Aden to Somalia, according to a Geneva-based think tank, where al Qaeda-linked al Shabab insurgents are battling a weak and divided government.

Redondo, Raúl (July 20, 2020). "Iran allies with Al-Shabaab in Somalia to distribute arms to Houthi rebels". Atalayar. Archived from the original on August 19, 2023. Iran has established links with the jihadist group Al-Shabaab in Somalia to attack United States and other international forces in the African country and the region and to supply arms to Houthi rebels in Yemen

Fazeli, Yaghoub (July 19, 2020). "Iran linking with Somalia's al-Shabab to funnel weapons to Houthis". Al Arabiya. Archived from the original on February 11, 2021.

[60] Houreld, Katharine (November 10, 2021). "Iranian-supplied arms smuggled from Yemen into Somalia, study says". Reuters. Archived from the original on November 10, 2021. Guns supplied by Iran to its Houthi allies in Yemen are being smuggled across the Gulf of Aden to Somalia, according to a Geneva-based think tank, where al Qaeda-linked al Shabab insurgents are battling a weak and divided government.

[61] Redondo, Raúl (July 20, 2020). "Iran allies with Al-Shabaab in Somalia to distribute arms to Houthi rebels". Atalayar. Archived from the original on August 19, 2023. Iran has established links with the jihadist group Al-Shabaab in Somalia to attack United States and other international forces in the African country and the region and to supply arms to Houthi rebels in Yemen

[62] Fazeli, Yaghoub (July 19, 2020). "Iran linking with Somalia's al-Shabab to funnel weapons to Houthis". Al Arabiya. Archived from the original on February 11, 2021.

[44] UN sources:
"Final report of the Panel of Experts on Yemen established pursuant to Security Council resolution 2140 (2014)" (PDF). un.org. UN Security Council. October 11, 2024. pp. 2, 12. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 8, 2024. In addition, increased smuggling activities involving small arms and light weapons are observed between the Houthis and Al-Shabaab, with indications of shared military supplies or a common supplier. ... Houthis are evaluating options to carry out attacks at sea from the Somali coast. To that end, they are strengthening ties with the terrorist group Harakat Al-Shabaab Al-Mujaahidiin (Al-Shabaab).

"UN experts say Houthis collaborated with Al-Qaeda to weaken Yemeni government". Arab News. November 3, 2024. Archived from the original on November 8, 2024.

"UN Panel of Experts Report Reveals Houthi Militia's Relationship with Al-Qaeda and Al-Shabaab Movement in Somalia". Yemen Shabab Net. November 2, 2024. Archived from the original on November 8, 2024.

[64] "Final report of the Panel of Experts on Yemen established pursuant to Security Council resolution 2140 (2014)" (PDF). un.org. UN Security Council. October 11, 2024. pp. 2, 12. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 8, 2024. In addition, increased smuggling activities involving small arms and light weapons are observed between the Houthis and Al-Shabaab, with indications of shared military supplies or a common supplier. ... Houthis are evaluating options to carry out attacks at sea from the Somali coast. To that end, they are strengthening ties with the terrorist group Harakat Al-Shabaab Al-Mujaahidiin (Al-Shabaab).

[65] "UN experts say Houthis collaborated with Al-Qaeda to weaken Yemeni government". Arab News. November 3, 2024. Archived from the original on November 8, 2024.

[66] "UN Panel of Experts Report Reveals Houthi Militia's Relationship with Al-Qaeda and Al-Shabaab Movement in Somalia". Yemen Shabab Net. November 2, 2024. Archived from the original on November 8, 2024.

[pirate_kings-45] Robyn Kriel; Briana Duggan (July 10, 2017). "CNN Exclusive: Somali pirate kings are under investigation for helping ISIS and al-Shabaab". CNN. Retrieved August 7, 2017.

[46] "ISIL's First East African Affiliate Conducts Attacks in Somalia, Kenya". DefenseNews. December 29, 2015.

[47] "Somalia: Pro-ISIL militants, Al Shabaab clash in deadly Puntland infighting". Garowe Online. December 24, 2015. Archived from the original on January 26, 2016. Retrieved January 28, 2016.

[vow-48] Cite error: The named reference vow was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[49] "Ethiopia training Somaliland troops amid tension with Somalia". Garowe Online. June 30, 2020. Retrieved November 21, 2024.

[50] "Analysis: Israel's Strategic Interest in Establishing a Base in Somaliland". hornobserver.com. October 20, 2024. Retrieved November 24, 2024.

[51] ratesleaks (August 3, 2024). "Exclusive: UAE Funds Construction of Israeli Military Base in Somaliland". الإمارات ليكس. Retrieved November 24, 2024.

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[59] Robinson, Colin (2016). "Revisiting the rise and fall of the Somali Armed Forces, 1960–2012". Defense & Security Analysis. 32 (3): 237–252. doi:10.1080/14751798.2016.1199122. S2CID 156874430.

[61] "Lt. Gen. Diomede Ndegeya". atmis-au.org. June 3, 2022.

[62] "MAHAD KARATE | United Nations Security Council". un.org.

[63] "Mahad Karate – RewardsForJustice". rewardsforjustice.net.

[64] "Treasury Designates al-Shabaab Financial Facilitators". September 20, 2024.

[65] Robinson, Colin D. "Rebuilding armies in southern Somalia: What currently should donors realistically aim for?," Conflict, Security & Development (2021): 320, 330-331.

[66] "As ATMIS Looks To Withdraw". December 10, 2024.

[67] "HEAD OF ATMIS HAILS UN COLLABORATION IN FOSTERING PEACE IN SOMALIA". atmis-au.org. November 18, 2023. Retrieved February 7, 2024.

[68] AP, Omar Faruk and Cara Anna (March 1, 2023). "US increases military support for Somalia against al-Shabab". Defense News. Retrieved December 7, 2024.

[69] "UN report indicates al-Qaeda and ISIS enjoy safe haven in Turkish-controlled Idlib". Nordic Monitor. February 9, 2022. Retrieved February 15, 2022.

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[71] Multiple Sources:
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