Europe of 100 Flags

Europe of 100 Flags is a concept developed by Breton nationalist Yann Fouéré in his 1968 book, L'Europe aux Cent Drapeaux.^[1][2] It proposes a redrawing of European borders away from already existing nations to smaller regional polities, in a way that more resembles a map of the region during the Middle Ages, including the creation of states for Basques, Bretons, and Flemings.^[1][3]

The continent would "divide to unite" and "decentralize inwardly and federate outwardly". These regions would be designed to promote regionalism and European federalism as a replacement for nationalism, and redefine extreme European boundaries more strictly in terms of ethnically homogeneous "authentic" historic regions. These individually ethnically "pure" states would then be incorporated under a "post-liberal-pan-European framework".^[4][3][5]

It has been embraced by many in the far-right, such as those among the Identitarian movement^[6][7] and the Nouvelle Droite – the French New Right – and has been described as a "multiculturalism of the right", one based on exclusion,^[8] homogeneity,^[9] and ethnoregionalism.^[3] The Oxford Handbook of the Radical Right describes it as a minor exception to the radical right's preference for ethnic nationalism. Political scientist Alberto Spektorowski described it as a way for the radical-right to publicly recognize outsiders while preventing them from assimilating or gaining political power.^[3] It has also been described as a form of "ultra-regionalism" as a re-framing of the ultra-nationalism common to fascism.^[3][10] The Dictionary of Irish Biography noted however that Fouéré was influenced by the mutualist anarchist Pierre-Joseph Proudhon.^[11]