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Gold Medal of Military Valor
| Gold Medal of Military Valor Medaglia d'oro al valor militare | |
|---|---|
  Gold Medal of Military Valor (Royal version & Republican version) | |
| Type | Military decoration |
| Awarded for | Deeds of outstanding gallantry in war |
| Country | Italy |
| Eligibility | Junior officers and soldiers |
| Established | 21 May 1793 |
 Ribbon bar of the medal | |
| Precedence | |
| Next (higher) | Military Order of Italy[1] |
| Next (lower) | Gold Medal for Army Valor[1] |
The Gold Medal of Military Valor (Italian: Medaglia d'oro al valor militare) is an Italian medal established on 21 May 1793 by King Victor Amadeus III of Sardinia for deeds of outstanding gallantry in war by junior officers and soldiers.
The face of the medal displayed the profile of the king, and on its reverse was a flag decoration and the words "for Valor".
On 14 August 1815, Victor Emmanuel I of Sardinia replaced it with the Military Order of Savoy, now known as the Military Order of Italy.
Charles Albert of Sardinia revived it on 26 March 1833, and added to it the Silver and bronze medals. These had, on their faces, the coat of arms of Savoy with laurel branches, the royal crown, and the words "for military Valor". On the reverse were two laurel branches enclosing the name of the decorated soldier, and the place and date of the action.
With the proclamation of the Republic on 2 June 1946, the coat of arms of the House of Savoy was replaced with the emblem of the Italian Republic.[2]
For actions performed by individuals during World War I, the Gold Medal was awarded some 368 times, as well as 37 times to military units, and once to the Unknown Soldier. Only four of the individual awards went to foreigners, one of these being Tsar Nicholas II of Russia. The other three were for acts of gallantry in which the recipient was killed in action or died from his injuries (the Frenchmen John O'Byrne and Roland Morillot, and the American Coleman deWitt).[3] The Gold Medal of Military Valor was one of the most parsimoniously awarded medals of World War I, granted less frequently than even the Victoria Cross which was awarded 628 times.[4]
During World War II the medal was awarded to soldiers of the Royal Italian Army; after these forces were reorganized following the Armistice with Italy in 1943, it was awarded to members of the Allies-supporting Italian Co-Belligerent forces. The Axis-affiliated Italian Social Republic created another design of the medal, with a Gladius replacing the arms of Savoy, for members of the Esercito Nazionale Repubblicano from 1943 to 1945. This version of the award was not given recognition by the postwar Italian government.[5]
The Gold Medal for Military Valor is still awarded by the Italian state, and it, along with Silver and bronze medals for Military Valor as well as the War Cross of Military Valor (which can only be awarded in time of war) was established by the Royal Decree of 4 November 1932, in which the purpose of these medals is defined as, "to distinguish and publicly honour the authors of heroic military acts, even ones performed in time of peace, provided that the exploit is closely connected with the purposes for which the Armed Forces are constituted, whatever may be the condition or quality of the author."[6]
- ^ a b "Esercito Italiano- Nastrini delle decorazioni in uso" (in Italian). Esercito.difesa.it. Archived from the original on 2 July 2012. Retrieved 30 May 2012.
- ^ Preceding paragraphs translated and adapted from "CCM - Consorzio Culturale del Monfalconese :: View.DocDetail". Archived from the original on 12 August 2011. Retrieved 12 June 2011. which describes the book "Le medaglie d'oro al valor militare: volume primo, Roma, [Gruppo Medaglie d'Oro al Valor Militare d'Italia], 1965, 804 p.; 22 cm"
- ^ The website of the Italian Presidency: List of all recipients can be obtained by going to http://www.quirinale.it/elementi/onorificenze.aspx, going to "onorificenza" (under "Maschera di recerca"), selecting "Medaglia d'oro al valor militare" and pressing "avvia". Also see "Nel 1° Centenario della istituzione della Medaglia al Valor Militare" edizione del 1933 dell' Ufficio storico dell' esercito
- ^ P E Abbott & J M A Tamplin. British Gallantry Awards. pp. 293. Nimrod Dix & Co, London, 1981.ISBN 0-902633-74-0
- ^ "Italy's WW2 Medals". Archived from the original on 13 August 2013. Retrieved 30 May 2014.
- ^ "le Onorificenze - Medaglia e Croce di Guerra al Valor Militare" (in Italian). Quirinale.it. Retrieved 30 May 2012.
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