Great Purge

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Great Purge
Part of the Bolshevik Party purges
People of Vinnytsia searching through the exhumed victims of the Vinnytsia massacre, 1943
Location	Soviet Union, Xinjiang, Mongolian People's Republic
Date	Main phase: 19 August 1936 – 17 November 1938 (2 years, 2 months, 4 weeks and 1 day)
Target	Political opponents, Trotskyists, Red Army leadership, kulaks, religious activists and leaders
Attack type	Summary executions Massacres Mass murder Ethnic cleansing Genocide
Deaths	681,692 executions and 116,000 deaths in the Gulag system (official figures)[1] 700,000 to 1.2 million (estimated)[1] [2][3]
Perpetrators	Joseph Stalin, the NKVD (Genrikh Yagoda, Nikolai Yezhov, Lavrentiy Beria, Ivan Serov and others), Vyacheslav Molotov, Andrey Vyshinsky, Lazar Kaganovich, Kliment Voroshilov, Robert Eikhe and others
Motive	Elimination of political opponents,[4] consolidation of power,[5] fear of counterrevolution,[6] fear of party infiltration[7]

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The Great Purge, or the Great Terror (Russian: Большой террор, romanized: Bol'shoy terror), also known as the Year of '37 (37-й год, Tridtsat' sed'moy god) and the Yezhovshchina (Ежовщина [(j)ɪˈʐofɕːɪnə], lit. 'period of Yezhov'), was a political purge in the Soviet Union that took place from 1936 to 1938. It sought to consolidate Joseph Stalin's power over the Communist Party of the Soviet Union and aimed at removing the remaining influence of Leon Trotsky within the Soviet Union.^[8] The term great purge was popularized by the historian Robert Conquest in his 1968 book The Great Terror, whose title was an allusion to the French Revolution's Reign of Terror.^[9]

The purges were largely conducted by the NKVD (People's Commissariat for Internal Affairs), which functioned as the interior ministry and secret police of the USSR. Starting in 1936, the NKVD under chief Genrikh Yagoda began the removal of the central party leadership, Old Bolsheviks, government officials, and regional party bosses.^[10] Soviet politicians who opposed or criticized Stalin were removed from office and imprisoned or executed by the NKVD. Eventually, the purges were expanded to the Red Army and military high command, which had a disastrous effect on the military.^[11][12] The campaigns also affected many other categories of society: the intelligentsia, wealthy peasants—especially those lending out money or wealth (kulaks)—and professionals.^[13] As the scope of the purge widened, the omnipresent suspicion of saboteurs and counter-revolutionaries, known collectively as wreckers, began affecting civilian life. The purge reached its peak between September 1936 and August 1938, when the NKVD was under chief Nikolai Yezhov, hence the name Yezhovshchina. The campaigns were carried out according to the general line of the party, often by direct orders of the politburo, headed by Stalin.^[14] Hundreds of thousands of people were accused of various political crimes (espionage, wrecking, sabotage, anti-Soviet agitation, conspiracies to prepare uprisings and coups, and more). They were executed by shooting, or sent to the Gulag labor camps. The NKVD targeted certain ethnic minorities with particular force, such as the Volga Germans or Soviet citizens of Polish origin, who were subjected to forced deportation and extreme repression. Throughout the purge, the NKVD sought to strengthen control over civilians through fear, and frequently used imprisonment, torture, violent interrogation, and executions during its mass operations.^[15]

In 1938, Stalin reversed his stance on the purges, criticized the NKVD for carrying out mass executions, and oversaw the execution of NKVD chiefs Genrikh Yagoda and Nikolai Yezhov. Scholars estimate the death toll for the Great Purge (1936–1938) to be roughly 700,000–1.2 million.^{[16][17][18][19]} Despite the end of the Great Purge, the widespread surveillance and atmosphere of mistrust continued for decades. Similar purges took place in Mongolia and Xinjiang. While the Soviet government desired to put Trotsky on trial during the purge, his exile prevented this. Trotsky survived the purge, though he would be assassinated in 1940 by the NKVD in Mexico, on the orders of Stalin.^[20][21]