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Henry VIII
| Henry VIII | |
|---|---|
 | |
| King of England Lord/King of Ireland | |
| Reign | 22 April 1509[a] – 28 January 1547 |
| Coronation | 24 June 1509 |
| Predecessor | Henry VII |
| Successor | Edward VI |
| Born | 28 June 1491 Palace of Placentia, Greenwich, England |
| Died | 28 January 1547 (aged 55) Palace of Whitehall, Westminster, England |
| Burial | 16 February 1547 St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle, Berkshire |
| Spouses | |
| Issue more... | |
| House | Tudor |
| Father | Henry VII of England |
| Mother | Elizabeth of York |
| Religion |
|
| Signature |  |
Henry VIII (28 June 1491 – 28 January 1547) was King of England from 22 April 1509 until his death in 1547. Henry is known for his six marriages and his efforts to have his first marriage (to Catherine of Aragon) annulled. His disagreement with Pope Clement VII about such an annulment led Henry to initiate the English Reformation, separating the Church of England from papal authority. He appointed himself Supreme Head of the Church of England and dissolved convents and monasteries, for which he was excommunicated by the pope.
Henry brought radical changes to the Constitution of England, expanding royal power and ushering in the theory of the divine right of kings in opposition to papal supremacy. He frequently used charges of treason and heresy to quell dissent, and those accused were often executed without a formal trial using bills of attainder. He achieved many of his political aims through his chief ministers, some of whom were banished or executed when they fell out of his favour. Thomas Wolsey, Thomas More, Thomas Cromwell, and Thomas Cranmer all figured prominently in his administration.
Henry was an extravagant spender, using proceeds from the dissolution of the monasteries and acts of the Reformation Parliament. He converted money that was formerly paid to Rome into royal revenue. Despite the money from these sources, he was often on the verge of financial ruin due to personal extravagance and costly and largely unproductive wars, particularly with King Francis I of France, Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, King James V of Scotland, and the Scottish regency under the Earl of Arran and Mary of Guise. He founded the Royal Navy, oversaw the annexation of Wales to England with the Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542, and was the first English monarch to rule as King of Ireland following the Crown of Ireland Act 1542.
Henry's contemporaries considered him an attractive, educated, and accomplished king. He has been described as "one of the most charismatic rulers to sit on the English throne" and his reign described as the "most important" in English history.[3][4] He was an author and composer. As he aged, he became severely overweight and his health suffered. He is frequently characterised in his later life as a lustful, egotistical, paranoid, and tyrannical monarch.[5][6] He was succeeded by his son Edward VI.
- ^ "Chapter Five: Table of regnal year of English Sovereigns". Sweet & Maxwell's Guide to Law Reports and Statutes (Fourth ed.). London: Sweet & Maxwell's Guide. 1962. p. 27.
- ^ Cheney, C. R.; Jones, Michael, eds. (2000). A Handbook of Dates for Students of British History. Royal Historical Society Guides and Handbooks. Vol. 4 (Revised ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 37–38. ISBN 978-0-521-77095-8.
- ^ Guy 2000, p. 41.
- ^ Starkey, David. "The Six Wives of Henry VIII. About the Series. Behind the Scenes". Thirteen.org. PBS. Retrieved 17 July 2020.
- ^ Ives 2006, pp. 28–36.
- ^ Montefiore 2008, p. 129.
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