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Hindutva
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Hindutva (/hɪnˈdʊtvə/; lit. 'Hindu-ness') is a political ideology encompassing the cultural justification of Hindu nationalism and the belief in establishing Hindu hegemony within India.[1][2][3][4] The political ideology was formulated by Vinayak Damodar Savarkar in 1922.[5][6] It is used by the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS), the Vishva Hindu Parishad (VHP), the current ruling Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP),[7][8] and other organisations, collectively called the Sangh Parivar.
Inspired by European fascism,[9][10] the Hindutva movement has been variously described as a variant of right-wing extremism,[11] as "almost fascist in the classical sense", adhering to a concept of homogenised majority and cultural hegemony[12][13] and as a separatist ideology.[14][15] Some analysts dispute the identification of Hindutva with fascism and suggest that Hindutva is an extreme form of conservatism or ethno-nationalism.[16]
Proponents of Hindutva, particularly its early ideologues, have used political rhetoric and sometimes misinformation to justify the idea of a Hindu-majority state, where the political and cultural landscape is shaped by Hindu values. This movement, however, has often been criticized for misusing Hindu religious sentiments to divide people along communal lines and for distorting the inclusive and pluralistic nature of Hinduism for political gains.[17] In contrast to Hinduism, which is a spiritual tradition rooted in compassion, tolerance, and non-violence, Hindutva has been criticized for its political manipulation of these ideas to create divisions and for promoting an agenda that can marginalize non-Hindu communities.[18][19] This political ideology, while drawing on certain aspects of Hindu culture, often misrepresents the core teachings of Hinduism by focusing on political dominance rather than the spiritual, ethical, and philosophical values that the religion embodies.[18]
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
BrownMcLean2018was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Haokip, Jangkholam (2014). Can God Save My Village?: A Theological Study of Identity among the Tribal People of North-East India with a Special Reference to the Kukis of Manipur. Langham Monographs. p. 35. ISBN 978-1-78368-981-1. Retrieved 3 May 2023.
Hindutva is a political ideology that does not necessarily represent the view of the majority of Hindus in India.
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
GregoryJohnston2011was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Cite error: The named reference
OED-online-hindutvawas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Ross, M.H. (2012). Culture and Belonging in Divided Societies: Contestation and Symbolic Landscapes. Book collections on Project MUSE. University of Pennsylvania Press, Incorporated. p. 34. ISBN 978-0-8122-0350-9.
- ^ Sweetman, W.; Malik, A. (2016). Hinduism in India: Modern and Contemporary Movements. SAGE Publishing. p. 109. ISBN 978-93-5150-231-9.
- ^ "The Hindutva road". Frontline. 4 December 2004. Archived from the original on 4 June 2023.
- ^ Krishna 2011, p. 324.
- ^ Patricia M. Sant (1999). Indigeneity: Construction and Re/presentation. Nova Science Publishers. p. 85. ISBN 978-1-56072-674-6.
Hindutva, especially in their early stages, exemplify a process of ideological borrowing from both European fascism and a fabrication of " Vedic Hinduism " that defies the binarism of local/global.
- ^ Chaitanya Krishna, A. G. Noorani (2003). Fascism in India: Faces, Fangs, and Facts. Manak Publications. p. 4. ISBN 978-81-7827-067-8.
the archival evidence presented by Marzia Casolari conclusively shows how much the proponents of Hindutva admired European fascism; liberally borrowed from it and this influence continues even today.
- ^ Leidig, Eviane (17 July 2020). "Hindutva as a variant of right-wing extremism". Patterns of Prejudice. 54 (3): 215–237. doi:10.1080/0031322X.2020.1759861. hdl:10852/84144. ISSN 0031-322X.
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
j3517631was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Frykenberg 2008, pp. 178–220: "This essay attempts to show how — from an analytical or from an historical perspective — Hindutva is a melding of Hindu fascism and Hindu fundamentalism."
- ^ Anthony Parel (2000). Gandhi, Freedom, and Self-rule. Lexington Books. p. 133. ISBN 978-0-7391-0137-7. Archived from the original on 7 October 2024. Retrieved 30 March 2023.
The agendas of Hindutva though strong on the issues of self - identity and self - definition, have tended to be separatist.
- ^ Siddharth Varadarajan (2002). Gujarat, the Making of a Tragedy. Penguin Books. p. 20. ISBN 978-0-14-302901-4.
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
Bhatt & Muktawas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ "Hindutuva vs Hinduism".
- ^ a b "What's Hindutva And Why It Conflicts With Hinduism (A guest view)". Hindus for Human Rights. Retrieved 6 December 2024.
- ^ "'Hindutva is not the same as Hinduism'". Frontline. 20 April 2021. Retrieved 6 December 2024.
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