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Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

"HOCM" redirects here. For the museum in Olympia, Washington, US, see Hands On Children's Museum.

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
Other namesAsymmetric septal hypertrophy; idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis;[1] hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy (HOCM)
SpecialtyCardiology
SymptomsFeeling tired, leg swelling, shortness of breath, chest pain, fainting[2]
ComplicationsHeart failure, irregular heartbeat, sudden cardiac death[3][4]
CausesGenetics, Fabry disease, Friedreich's ataxia, certain medications[5][6]
Diagnostic methodElectrocardiogram, echocardiogram, stress testing, genetic testing[7]
Differential diagnosisHypertensive heart disease, aortic stenosis, athlete's heart[5]
TreatmentMedications, implantable cardiac defibrillator, surgery[7]
MedicationBeta blockers, verapamil, disopyramide[8]
PrognosisLess than 1% per year risk of death (with treatment)[9]
FrequencyUp to 1 in 200 people[8]

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM, or HOCM when obstructive) is a condition in which muscle tissues of the heart become thickened without an obvious cause.[8] The parts of the heart most commonly affected are the interventricular septum and the ventricles.[10] This results in the heart being less able to pump blood effectively and also may cause electrical conduction problems.[3] Specifically, within the bundle branches that conduct impulses through the interventricular septum and into the Purkinje fibers, as these are responsible for the depolarization of contractile cells of both ventricles.[11]

People who have HCM may have a range of symptoms. People may be asymptomatic, or may have fatigue, leg swelling, and shortness of breath.[2] It may also result in chest pain or fainting.[2] Symptoms may be worse when the person is dehydrated.[10] Complications may include heart failure, an irregular heartbeat, and sudden cardiac death.[3][4]

HCM is most commonly inherited[6] in an autosomal dominant pattern.[10] It is often due to mutations in certain genes involved with making heart muscle proteins.[6] Other inherited causes of left ventricular hypertrophy may include Fabry disease, Friedreich's ataxia, and certain medications such as tacrolimus.[5] Other considerations for causes of enlarged heart are athlete's heart and hypertension (high blood pressure).[10] Making the diagnosis of HCM often involves a family history or pedigree, an electrocardiogram, echocardiogram, and stress testing.[7] Genetic testing may also be done.[7] HCM can be distinguished from other inherited causes of cardiomyopathy by its autosomal dominant pattern, whereas Fabry disease is X-linked, and Friedreich's ataxia is inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern.[10]

Treatment may depend on symptoms and other risk factors. Medications may include the use of beta blockers, verapamil or disopyramide.[8] An implantable cardiac defibrillator may be recommended in those with certain types of irregular heartbeat.[7] Surgery, in the form of a septal myectomy or heart transplant, may be done in those who do not improve with other measures.[7] With treatment, the risk of death from the disease is less than one percent per year.[9]

HCM affects up to one in 200 people.[8] People of all ages may be affected.[12] The first modern description of the disease was by Donald Teare in 1958.[13][14]

  1. ^ "Other Names for Cardiomyopathy". NHLBI. June 22, 2016. Archived from the original on 28 July 2016. Retrieved 31 August 2016.
  2. ^ a b c "What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Cardiomyopathy?". NHLBI. 22 June 2016. Archived from the original on 28 July 2016. Retrieved 10 November 2017.
  3. ^ a b c "What Is Cardiomyopathy?". NHLBI. 22 June 2016. Archived from the original on 10 November 2017. Retrieved 10 November 2017.
  4. ^ a b Barsheshet A, Brenyo A, Moss AJ, Goldenberg I (October 2011). "Genetics of sudden cardiac death". Current Cardiology Reports. 13 (5): 364–376. doi:10.1007/s11886-011-0209-y. PMID 21789574. S2CID 25887172.
  5. ^ a b c Ferri FF (2017). Ferri's Clinical Advisor 2018 E-Book: 5 Books in 1. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 246. ISBN 9780323529570. Archived from the original on 2017-11-10. Retrieved 2017-11-10.
  6. ^ a b c "What Causes Cardiomyopathy?". NHLBI. 22 June 2016. Archived from the original on 5 October 2017. Retrieved 10 November 2017.
  7. ^ a b c d e f Gersh BJ, Maron BJ, Bonow RO, Dearani JA, Fifer MA, Link MS, et al. (December 2011). "2011 ACCF/AHA guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: executive summary: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines". The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery. 142 (6): 1303–1338. doi:10.1016/j.jtcvs.2011.10.019. PMID 22093712.
  8. ^ a b c d e Cui H, Schaff HV (2020). "80. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy". In Raja SG (ed.). Cardiac Surgery: A Complete Guide. Switzerland: Springer. pp. 735–748. ISBN 978-3-030-24176-6. Archived from the original on 2023-01-10. Retrieved 2022-10-20.
  9. ^ a b Maron BJ, Ommen SR, Semsarian C, Spirito P, Olivotto I, Maron MS (July 2014). "Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: present and future, with translation into contemporary cardiovascular medicine". Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 64 (1): 83–99. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2014.05.003. PMID 24998133.
  10. ^ a b c d e Basit H, Brito D, Sharma S (2020). "Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy". StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing. PMID 28613539. Archived from the original on 2021-04-06. Retrieved 2020-09-20.
  11. ^ Bernardini A, Crotti L, Olivotto I, Cecchi F (May 2023). "Diagnostic and prognostic electrocardiographic features in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy". European Heart Journal Supplements. 25 (Suppl C): C173 – C178. doi:10.1093/eurheartjsupp/suad074. PMC 10132576. PMID 37125268.
  12. ^ "Types of Cardiomyopathy". NHLBI. 22 June 2016. Archived from the original on 4 October 2017. Retrieved 10 November 2017.
  13. ^ Teare D (January 1958). "Asymmetrical hypertrophy of the heart in young adults". British Heart Journal. 20 (1): 1–8. doi:10.1136/hrt.20.1.1. PMC 492780. PMID 13499764.
  14. ^ McKenna WJ, Sen-Chowdhry S (December 2008). "From Teare to the present day: a fifty year odyssey in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, a paradigm for the logic of the discovery process". Revista Espanola de Cardiologia. 61 (12): 1239–1244. doi:10.1016/S1885-5857(09)60050-5. PMID 19080961. Archived from the original on 2017-11-11. Retrieved 2017-02-06.

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اعتلال عضلة القلب الضخامي Arabic هئپرتروفک کاردیومیاپاتی AZB Hipertrofna kardiomiopatija BS Miocardiopatia hipertròfica Catalan Hypertrophe Kardiomyopathie German Υπερτροφική μυοκαρδιοπάθεια Greek Miocardiopatía hipertrófica Spanish Miokardiopatia hipertrofiko EU بیش‌پروردگی ماهیچه قلب FA Cardiomyopathie hypertrophique French

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