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Ice jam
Ice jams occur when the ice that is drifting down-current in a river comes to a stop, for instance, at a river bend, when it contacts the river bed in a shallow area, or against bridge piers. Doing so increases the resistance to flow, thereby inducing an increase in water level upstream of the jam (referred to as backwater).[1][2][3] Ice jams are thus a main cause for flooding during the winter. In addition, when the jam is released, depending on the conditions under which this happens, the amount of water that was retained behind the jam can also lead to flooding downstream of where the jam occurred.[4][5] Ice jam floods are generally less predictable and can also be faster than open-water floods.
- ^ Ashton, G.D. (1986). River and Lake Ice Engineering. Chelsea, Michigan: Book Crafters Inc.
- ^ Beltaos Spyros; Beltaos, Spyros (1995). River ice jams. Highland Ranch (Colo.): Water Resources Publications. ISBN 978-0-918334-87-9.
- ^ Lindenschmidt, Karl-Erich (2024), "Introduction", River Ice Processes and Ice Flood Forecasting, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 1–12, doi:10.1007/978-3-031-49088-0_1, ISBN 978-3-031-49087-3, retrieved 2024-12-29
- ^ Beltaos, S., ed. (2008). River ice breakup. Highlands Ranch, Colorado: Water Resources Publications, LLC. ISBN 978-1-887201-50-6.
- ^ Nafziger, Jennifer; She, Yuntong; Hicks, Faye (2016-03-01). "Celerities of waves and ice runs from ice jam releases". Cold Regions Science and Technology. 123: 71–80. Bibcode:2016CRST..123...71N. doi:10.1016/j.coldregions.2015.11.014. ISSN 0165-232X.
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