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Illusory superiority

In social psychology, illusory superiority is a cognitive bias wherein people overestimate their own qualities and abilities compared to others. Illusory superiority is one of many positive illusions, relating to the self, that are evident in the study of intelligence, the effective performance of tasks and tests, and the possession of desirable personal characteristics and personality traits. Overestimation of abilities compared to an objective measure is known as the overconfidence effect.

The term "illusory superiority" was first used by the researchers Van Yperen and Buunk, in 1991. The phenomenon is also known as the above-average effect, the superiority bias, the leniency error, the sense of relative superiority, the primus inter pares effect,[1] and the Lake Wobegon effect, named after the fictional town where all the children are above average.[2] The Dunning-Kruger effect is a form of illusory superiority shown by people on a task where their level of skill is low.

A vast majority of the literature on illusory superiority originates from studies on participants in the United States. However, research that only investigates the effects in one specific population is severely limited as this may not be a true representation of human psychology. More recent research investigating self-esteem in other countries suggests that illusory superiority depends on culture.[3] Some studies indicate that East Asians tend to underestimate their own abilities in order to improve themselves and get along with others.[4][5]

  1. ^ Hoorens, Vera (1993). "Self-enhancement and Superiority Biases in Social Comparison". European Review of Social Psychology. 4 (1): 113–139. doi:10.1080/14792779343000040.
  2. ^ Pinker, Steven (2011). The Better Angels of Our Nature. Penguin. ISBN 978-0-141-03464-5.
  3. ^ Heine, S. J.; Hamamura, T (2007). "In Search of East Asian Self-Enhancement". Personality and Social Psychology Review. 11 (1): 4–27. doi:10.1177/1088868306294587. PMID 18453453. S2CID 2843126.
  4. ^ DeAngelis, Tori (February 2003). "Why We Overestimate Our Competence". Monitor on Psychology. 34 (2): 60. doi:10.1037/e300052003-031. Retrieved 7 March 2011.
  5. ^ Falk, Carl F.; Heine, Steven J.; Yuki, Masaki; Takemura, Kosuke (2009). "Why Do Westerners Self-Enhance More than East Asians?" (PDF). European Journal of Personality. 23 (3): 183–203. doi:10.1002/per.715. S2CID 30477227.

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