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Internal conflict in Peru

Not to be confused with Peruvian political crisis (2016–present).

Internal conflict in Peru
Part of the Cold War (1980–1991) and the War on Drugs (1980–present)

Areas where Shining Path was active in Peru
DateMain phase:
17 May 1980 – December 2000[19][20][note 2]
Low-level activity:
22 June 2002 – present[21]
Location
Peru
Result

First phase:
Peruvian government victory

Second phase:
Ongoing

Territorial
changes		 Successful control of 98% of Peruvian territory by the Government of Peru.
Belligerents
State-affiliated paramilitaries:
Rondas campesinas
ASPRET (since 2023)
Sole National Central of Peasant Rounds of Peru
Franco Command (1985–1990)
Grupo Colina (1990–1999)
Supported by:
 Colombia[1]
 North Korea[2]
 Russia[3]
 Spain[4]
 United States[5]
 Japan

Supported by:
MOVADEF
FUDEPP[6]
 Hezbollah[7]
ICL
Abu Nidal Organization[8] (until 2002)
RIM[9] (until 2012)
Libya (until 2011)[10]

MPCP[note 1]
Supported by:
 China (claimed by MPCP)
ASPRET (until 2022)

Red Mantaro Base Committee
FARC-EP in Peru
Supported by:
FARC dissidents[12]

ASPRET (until 2022)
Ethnocacerist Movement
Supported by:
 Hezbollah[13][14]
MPCP (until 2022)

Huallaga faction (1999–2012)

Commanders and leaders
Strength
Main pahse (1981-2001):
35,000 men
Low-level resurgence (2001-now):
around 10,000 men		 Main phase (1980-2001):
235,000 men[23]
Low-level-resurgence (2001-now):
25,000 men
Casualties and losses
Main phase (1980-2001):
5,000 killed & wounded
Low-level resurgence (2001-now):
1,300 killed & wounded
Total:
6,300 killed & wounded		 Main phase (1980-2001):
200,000 killed & executed
20,000 captured
Low-level resurgence (2001-now):
10,000 killed
3,000 captured
Total:
210,000 killed
23,000 captured
Total civilians casualties:
50,000-70,000 civilans casualties[24][25][26]
600,000 displaced
Part of a series on the
History of Peru
Perou. Das Königreich Perou, from Description de l'Univers, contenant les différents systèmes du monde
By chronology
Pre-Columbian Peru 12000 BCE–1532
Ancient civilizations 3500 BCE–1470
Inca Empire 1438–1533/1572
Spanish conquest 1532–1572
Viceroyalty 1542–1824
War of Independence 1809–1826
Foundational Period 1821–1842
Protectorate of Peru 1821–1822
Supreme Governing Junta 1822–1823
Confederation and War 1836–1839
Restoration 1839–1841
Military Anarchy 1841–1845
Guano Era 1845–1866
Chincha Islands War 1865–1879
War of the Pacific 1879–1883
Occupation of Peru 1879–1883
Occupation of Lima 1881–1883
Peruvian Resistance 1881–1883
National Reconstruction 1884–1895
Aristocratic Republic 1895–1919
New Motherland 1919–1930
Ecuadorian–Peruvian War 1941
Odría Dictatorship 1948–1956
Moderate civil reform 1956–1968
Revolutionary Government 1968–1980
Return to democracy and terrorism 1980–2000
Internal conflict 1980–2000, 2002–
Economic crisis 1980s
Peruvian political crisis 2016–
By political entity
By topic
See also
flag Peru portal

The internal conflict in Peru is an armed conflict between the Government of Peru and the Maoist guerrilla group Shining Path. The conflict's main phase began on 17 May 1980 and ended in December 2000.[27] From 1982 to 1997 the Túpac Amaru Revolutionary Movement waged its own insurgency as a Marxist–Leninist rival to the Shining Path.[28] As fighting intensified in the 1980s, the Peruvian government had one of the worst human rights records in the Western Hemisphere; Peru experienced the most forced disappearances in the world during the period while the Peruvian Armed Forces acted with impunity throughout the conflict, sometimes massacring entire villages.[29][30]

It is estimated that there have been between 50,000 and 70,000 deaths, making it the bloodiest war in Peruvian history, since the European colonization of the country. The high death toll includes many civilian casualties, due to deliberate targeting by many factions. The indigenous peoples of Peru were specifically targeted by killings, with 75% of those killed speaking Quechua as their native language.[31] Since 2000, the number of deaths has dropped significantly and recently the conflict has become somewhat dormant. The conflict is also characterized by serious violations of human rights.[32][33][34][35][36]

  1. ^ "Perú y Colombia amplían cooperación en lucha contra terrorismo y narcotráfico". El Espectador. 23 March 2010. Retrieved 4 June 2019.
  2. ^ "Peru orders weapons from North Korea". UPI. 23 March 1988. Retrieved 16 April 2021.
  3. ^ Ellis, Evan (20 July 2022). "Russia in the Western Hemisphere: Assessing Putin's Malign Influence in Latin America and the Caribbean". CSIS. Retrieved 19 July 2023.
  4. ^ "Mirada al pasado: Perú y España, lazos contra el terrorismo". Universidad Católica Santo Toribio de Mogrovejo. 21 April 2016. Retrieved 22 September 2021.
  5. ^ "US designates Peru's Shining Path 'drug traffickers'". BBC News. 2 June 2015. Retrieved 2 June 2015.
  6. ^ "Autoridades de Perú capturan a 71 supuestos integrantes de Sendero Luminoso". CNN (in Spanish). 2 December 2020. Retrieved 4 December 2020.
  7. ^ "Why are Hezbollah militias involved in Peru's violence?". Al Arabiya English. 20 May 2016. Retrieved 19 July 2023.
  8. ^ Rempel, William; Frantz, Douglas (30 September 1991). "BCCI's Arms Transactions for Arab Terrorist Revealed". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 20 July 2024.
  9. ^ Maske, Mahesh. "Maovichar", in Studies in Nepali History and Society, Vol. 7, No. 2 (December 2002), p. 275.
  10. ^ Tisdall, Simon (23 August 2011). "Gaddafi: a vicious, sinister despot driven out on tidal wave of hatred". The Guardian. Retrieved 7 November 2020.
  11. ^ "Sendero Luminoso sufre deserciones por estrategia militar y policial en el Vraem". gob.pe. Gobierno del Perú. 21 February 2020. Retrieved 27 May 2021.
  12. ^ "La peligrosa red de Sendero Luminoso en Perú y el exterior". La Razón (in Spanish). 20 April 2018. Retrieved 17 May 2022.
  13. ^ "Durmiendo con el enemigo | EL MONTONERO". EL MONTONERO | Primer Portal de opinión del país (in Spanish). Retrieved 21 February 2023.
  14. ^ ""PERÚ EN LA MIRA DE HEZBOLÁ"". El primer periódico digital del Perú (in Spanish). 18 June 2021. Retrieved 21 February 2023.
  15. ^ "MRTA reivindica 13 atentados contra bancos y comisarías". LUM. 12 October 1986. Archived from the original on 2 November 2022. Retrieved 3 November 2022.
  16. ^ "Ex guerrilleros del FMLN vinculados al MRTA". LUM (in Spanish). 17 January 1997. Retrieved 25 November 2022.
  17. ^ "Movimientos terroristas: Sendero Luminoso y MRTA" (PDF). Truth and Reconciliation Commission. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 August 2022. Retrieved 25 November 2022.
  18. ^ a b c d "Tupac Amaru Revolutionary Movement: Growing threat to US interests in Peru" (PDF). CIA.gov. 28 March 1991. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 August 2020. Retrieved 7 November 2020.
  19. ^ "Shining Path Rebel Leader Is Captured in Peru". The Washington Post. 15 July 1999. Archived from the original on 4 November 2012. Retrieved 9 September 2010.
  20. ^ Cite error: The named reference activity was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  21. ^ "Americas | Profile: Peru's Shining Path". BBC News. 5 November 2004. Retrieved 15 August 2012.
  22. ^ Perú denunciará a Sendero Luminoso ante la ONU y la OEA por utilizar niños Archived 27 June 2009 at the Wayback Machine. 30 May 2009. La República. Accessed 13 October 2009.
  23. ^ "Hot Issue — On The Rebound: Shining Path Factions Vie for Control of Upper Huallaga Valley". The Jamestown Foundation. Retrieved 18 October 2014.
  24. ^ "Final Report". Press Release. Truth and reconciliation commission.
  25. ^ "Gráfico: ¿qué fue la CVR y qué dijo su informe final?". RPP. 26 August 2016.
  26. ^ Cite error: The named reference rendon2019 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  27. ^ Starn, Orin (30 April 2019). The Shining Path: Love, Madness, and Revolution in the Andes 1st Edition. W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 9780393292817.
  28. ^ Fabre, Cécile (27 September 2012), "Civil wars", Cosmopolitan War, UK: Oxford University Press, pp. 130–165, doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199567164.003.0005, ISBN 978-0-19-956716-4, retrieved 18 September 2024
  29. ^ Mauceri, Philip (Winter 1995). "State reform, coalitions, and the neoliberal 'autogolpe' in Peru". Latin American Research Review. 30 (1): 7–37. doi:10.1017/S0023879100017155. S2CID 252749746.
  30. ^ Werlich, David P. (January 1987). "Debt, Democracy and Terrorism in Peru". Current History. 86 (516): 29–32, 36–37. doi:10.1525/curh.1987.86.516.29. S2CID 249689936.
  31. ^ Cite error: The named reference :2 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  32. ^ Cite error: The named reference :3 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  33. ^ Cite error: The named reference :0 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  34. ^ Cite error: The named reference :5 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  35. ^ Cite error: The named reference :6 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  36. ^ Pichari (28 September 2021). "Peru's Ashaninka indigenous people remember the cruelty of war in the Amazon". France 24. Retrieved 21 September 2024.


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الصراع الداخلي في بيرو Arabic Вътрешен конфликт в Перу Bulgarian Conflicte armat peruà Catalan Rhyfel Cartref Periw (1980–presennol) CY Bewaffneter Konflikt in Peru German Época del terrorismo en el Perú Spanish درگیری داخلی در پرو FA Conflit armé péruvien French 페루 분쟁 Korean Wojna domowa w Peru Polish

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