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Jihadism
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Jihadism is a neologism for militant Islamic movements that seek to base the state on Islamic principles.[1][2] In a narrower sense, it refers to the belief held by some Muslims that armed confrontation with political rivals is an efficient and theologically legitimate method of socio-political change.[3][4] It is a form of religious violence and has been applied to various insurgent Islamic extremist, militant Islamist, and terrorist individuals and organizations whose ideologies are based on the Islamic notion of lesser jihad from the classical interpretation of Islam.[9] It has also been applied to various Islamic empires in history, such as the Rashidun and Umayyad caliphates of the early Muslim conquests, and the Ottoman Empire.[10][11] There were also the Fula jihads in West Africa in the 18th and 19th centuries.[12][13]
Modern jihadism mostly has its roots in the late 19th- and early 20th-century ideological developments of Islamic revivalism, which further developed into Qutbism and related Islamist ideologies during the 20th and 21st centuries.[6][14][15] The jihadist ideologues envisioned jihad as a "revolutionary struggle" against the secular international order to unite the Muslim world under the "rule of God".[16] The Islamist volunteer organisations which participated in the Soviet–Afghan War of 1979 to 1989 reinforced the rise of jihadism, which has been propagated during various armed conflicts throughout the 1990s and 2000s.[17][18]
Jihadist organizations and rebel groups have become more prominent since the 1990s; by one estimate, 5 percent of civil wars involved jihadist groups in 1990 but more than 40 percent in 2014.[19] French political scientist Gilles Kepel has diagnosed a specific Salafist form of jihadism within the Salafi movement of the 1990s.[20] Jihadism with an international, pan-Islamist scope is also known as global jihadism.[23] Studies show that with the rise of the Islamic State, some Muslim volunteers that came both from Western countries and Muslim-majority countries traveled to join the global jihad in Syria and Iraq.[29]
- ^ Ahmad, Aisha (2024), "Jihadist Governance in Civil Wars", Oxford Research Encyclopedia of International Studies, doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780190846626.013.763, ISBN 978-0-19-084662-6
- ^ Mendelsohn, Barak (21 March 2024). Cruickshank, Paul; Hummel, Kristina; Morgan, Caroline (eds.). "On the Horizon: The Future of the Jihadi Movement" (PDF). CTC Sentinel. 17 (3). West Point, New York: Combating Terrorism Center: 1–10. Archived (PDF) from the original on 25 March 2024. Retrieved 3 April 2024.
- ^ Sedgwick, Mark (2015). "Jihadism, Narrow and Wide: The Dangers of Loose Use of an Important Term". Perspectives on Terrorism. 9 (2): 34–41. ISSN 2334-3745. JSTOR 26297358.
- ^ Ashour, Omar (July 2011). "Post-Jihadism: Libya and the Global Transformations of Armed Islamist Movements". Terrorism and Political Violence. 23 (3): 377–397. doi:10.1080/09546553.2011.560218. ISSN 0954-6553.
- ^ a b c Atiyas-Lvovsky, Lorena; Azani, Eitan; Barak, Michael; Moghadam, Assaf (20 September 2023). Cruickshank, Paul; Hummel, Kristina; Morgan, Caroline (eds.). "CTC-ICT Focus on Israel: In Word and Deed? Global Jihad and the Threat to Israel and the Jewish Community" (PDF). CTC Sentinel. 16 (9). West Point, New York: Combating Terrorism Center: 1–12. Archived (PDF) from the original on 20 September 2023. Retrieved 1 October 2023.
- ^ a b Poljarevic, Emin (2021). "Theology of Violence-oriented Takfirism as a Political Theory: The Case of the Islamic State in Iraq and Syria (ISIS)". In Cusack, Carole M.; Upal, M. Afzal (eds.). Handbook of Islamic Sects and Movements. Brill Handbooks on Contemporary Religion. Vol. 21. Leiden and Boston: Brill Publishers. pp. 485–512. doi:10.1163/9789004435544_026. ISBN 978-90-04-43554-4. ISSN 1874-6691.
- ^ Badara, Mohamed; Nagata, Masaki (November 2017). "Modern Extremist Groups and the Division of the World: A Critique from an Islamic Perspective". Arab Law Quarterly. 31 (4). Leiden: Brill Publishers: 305–335. doi:10.1163/15730255-12314024. ISSN 1573-0255.
- ^ Cook, David (2015) [2005]. "Radical Islam and Contemporary Jihad Theory". Understanding Jihad (2nd ed.). Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 93–127. ISBN 9780520287327. JSTOR 10.1525/j.ctv1xxt55.10. LCCN 2015010201.
- ^ [5][6][7][8]
- ^ The End of the Jihad State.
- ^ Mohanty, Nirode (15 September 2018). Jihadism: Past and Present - Nirode Mohanty - Google Books. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 9781498575973. Retrieved 1 October 2022.
- ^ Batran, Aziz (1989). "The nineteenth-century Islamic revolutions in West Africa". General History of Africa: Volume 6. UNESCO Publishing.
- ^ Ibrahim, Ibrahim Yahaya (28 July 2017). The Wave of Jihadist Insurgency in West Africa: Global Ideology, Local Context, Individual Motivations (Report). Paris: OECD.
- ^ a b Aydınlı, Ersel (2018) [2016]. "The Jihadists after 9/11". Violent Non-State Actors: From Anarchists to Jihadists. Routledge Studies on Challenges, Crises, and Dissent in World Politics (1st ed.). London and New York: Routledge. pp. 110–149. ISBN 978-1-315-56139-4. LCCN 2015050373.
- ^ Jalal, Ayesha (2009). "Islam Subverted? Jihad as Terrorism". Partisans of Allah: Jihad in South Asia. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. pp. 239–301. doi:10.4159/9780674039070-007. ISBN 9780674039070. S2CID 152941120.
- ^ A. Charters, David (6 February 2007). "Something Old, Something New…? Al Qaeda, Jihadism, and Fascism". Terrorism and Political Violence. 19. Routledge: 65–93. doi:10.1080/09546550601054832. ISSN 0954-6553. S2CID 144155484 – via tandfonline.
- ^ Hekmatpour, Peyman (1 January 2018). "What do we know about the Islamic Radicalism: A meta-analysis of academic publications".
resistance of Afghan Mujahideen against the Soviet invasion..
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - ^ Hekmatpour, Peyman; Burns, Thomas (14 August 2018). "Radicalism and Enantiodromia: A Trialectic of Modernity, Post-modernity, and Anti-modernity in the Islamic World".
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - ^ Fearon, James D. (2017). "Civil War & the Current International System". Daedalus. 146 (4). MIT Press for the American Academy of Arts and Sciences: 20–22. doi:10.1162/DAED_a_00456. ISSN 0011-5266.
- ^ Kepel, Gilles (2021) [2000]. Jihad: The Trail of Political Islam. Bloomsbury Revelations (5th ed.). London: Bloomsbury Academic. pp. 219–222. ISBN 9781350148598. OCLC 1179546717.
- ^ Meleagrou-Hitchens, Alexander; Hughes, Seamus; Clifford, Bennett (2021). "The Ideologues". Homegrown: ISIS in America (1st ed.). London and New York: I.B. Tauris. pp. 111–148. ISBN 978-1-7883-1485-5.
- ^ Clarke, Colin (8 September 2021). Cruickshank, Paul; Hummel, Kristina (eds.). "Twenty Years After 9/11: What Is the Future of the Global Jihadi Movement?" (PDF). CTC Sentinel. 14 (7). West Point, New York: Combating Terrorism Center: 91–105. Archived (PDF) from the original on 8 September 2021. Retrieved 10 November 2021.
- ^ [5][14][21][22]
- ^ Milton, Daniel; Perlinger, Arie (11 November 2016). Cruickshank, Paul; Hummel, Kristina (eds.). "From Cradle to Grave: The Lifecycle of Foreign Fighters in Iraq and Syria" (PDF). CTC Sentinel. West Point, New York: Combating Terrorism Center: 15–33. Archived (PDF) from the original on 18 June 2020. Retrieved 20 December 2021.
- ^ Schmid, Alex P.; Tinnes, Judith (December 2015). "Foreign (Terrorist) Fighters with IS: A European Perspective" (PDF). ICCT Research Paper. 6 (8). The Hague: International Centre for Counter-Terrorism. doi:10.19165/2015.1.08. ISSN 2468-0656. JSTOR resrep29430. S2CID 168669583. Archived (PDF) from the original on 25 November 2020. Retrieved 12 June 2021.
- ^ Picker, Les (June 2016). "Where Are ISIS's Foreign Fighters Coming From?". The Digest. Vol. 6. Cambridge, Massachusetts: National Bureau of Economic Research. Archived from the original on 23 October 2020. Retrieved 12 June 2021.
- ^ Hekmatpour, Peyman; Burns, Thomas J. (2019). "Perception of Western governments' hostility to Islam among European Muslims before and after ISIS: the important roles of residential segregation and education". The British Journal of Sociology. 70 (5). Wiley-Blackwell for the London School of Economics: 2133–2165. doi:10.1111/1468-4446.12673. eISSN 1468-4446. ISSN 0007-1315. PMID 31004347. S2CID 125038730.
- ^ Pokalova, Elena (2020). "Foreign Fighters in Syria and Iraq: Aberration from History or History Repeated?". Returning Islamist Foreign Fighters: Threats and Challenges to the West. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 11–58. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-31478-1. ISBN 978-3-030-31477-4. S2CID 241995467.
- ^ [5][24][25][26][27][28]
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