John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry

John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry
Part of the prelude to the American Civil War
Harper's Weekly illustration of U.S. Marines attacking John Brown's "Fort"
Date October 16–18, 1859 Location Harpers Ferry, Virginia (now West Virginia) 39°19′23″N 77°43′49″W / 39.32306°N 77.73028°W / 39.32306; -77.73028 Result Government tactical victory
Belligerents
United States	John Brown's raiders Secret Six Abolitionist militias
Commanders and leaders
Robert E. Lee Israel Greene J. E. B. Stuart William W. Russell	John Brown  Shields Green  John Henry Kagi †
Units involved
United States Marines	Abolitionist militias
Strength
88 U.S. Marines Larger number of Virginia and Maryland militia	17 white men 2 free black men 3 fugitive black men 2 local enslaved black men, probably more[1]
Casualties and losses
U.S. Marines: 1 killed 1 wounded Virginian and Maryland Militia: 8 wounded	11 killed 7 captured and later executed 1 died in jail 5 escaped
Civilians: 6 killed 9 wounded
class=notpageimage| Location within West Virginia

John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry^{[nb 1]} was an effort by abolitionist John Brown, from October 16 to 18, 1859, to initiate a slave revolt in Southern states by taking over the United States arsenal at Harpers Ferry, Virginia (since 1863, West Virginia). It has been called the dress rehearsal for the American Civil War.^[3]: 5

Brown's party of 22^[1] was defeated by a company of U.S. Marines, led by First Lieutenant Israel Greene.^[4] Ten of the raiders were killed during the raid, seven were tried and executed afterwards, and five escaped. Several of those present at the raid would later be involved in the Civil War: Colonel Robert E. Lee was in overall command of the operation to retake the arsenal. Stonewall Jackson and Jeb Stuart were among the troops guarding the arrested Brown,^[3] and John Wilkes Booth was a spectator at Brown's execution. John Brown had originally asked Harriet Tubman and Frederick Douglass, both of whom he had met in his transformative years as an abolitionist in Springfield, Massachusetts, to join him in his raid, but Tubman was prevented by illness and Douglass declined, as he believed Brown's plan was suicidal.^[5][6]

The raid was extensively covered in the press nationwide—it was the first such national crisis to be publicized using the new electrical telegraph. Reporters were on the first train leaving for Harpers Ferry after news of the raid was received, at 4 p.m. on Monday, October 17.^[7] It carried Maryland militia, and parked on the Maryland side of the Harpers Ferry bridge, just 3 miles (4.8 km) east of the town (at the hamlet of Sandy Hook, Maryland). As there were few official messages to send or receive, the telegraph itself was carried on the next train, connected to the telegraph wires that had been cut at the start of the raid, and was "given up to reporters" who "are in force strong as military".^[8]: 17 By Tuesday morning the telegraph line had been repaired,^[8]: 21 and there were reporters from The New York Times "and other distant papers".^[8]: 23

Brown's raid caused much excitement and anxiety throughout the United States,^[9] with the South seeing it as a threat to slavery and thus their way of life, and some in the North perceiving it as a bold abolitionist action. At first it was generally viewed as madness, the work of a fanatic.^[10] It was Brown's words and letters after the raid and at his trial – Virginia v. John Brown – aided by the writings of supporters, including Henry David Thoreau, that turned him into a hero and icon for the Union.

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