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Justinian II
| Justinian II | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Emperor of the Romans | |||||
.png) | |||||
| Byzantine emperor | |||||
| 1st reign | 10 July 685 – 695 | ||||
| Predecessor | Constantine IV | ||||
| Successor | Leontius | ||||
| 2nd reign | 21 August 705 – 4 November 711 | ||||
| Predecessor | Tiberius III | ||||
| Successor | Philippicus | ||||
| Co-emperor | Tiberius (706–711) | ||||
| Born | 668 or 669 Constantinople | ||||
| Died | 4 November 711 (aged 42)[b] Damatrys, Opsikion | ||||
| Spouse | Eudokia Theodora of Khazaria | ||||
| Issue | Anastasia Tiberius | ||||
| |||||
| Dynasty | Heraclian | ||||
| Father | Constantine IV | ||||
| Mother | Anastasia | ||||
| Religion | Chalcedonian Christianity | ||||
Justinian II (Greek: Ἰουστινιανός, romanized: Ioustinianós; Latin: Iustinianus; 668/69 – 4 November 711), nicknamed "the Slit-Nosed" (Greek: ὁ Ῥινότμητος, romanized: ho Rhīnótmētos),[citation needed] was the last Byzantine emperor of the Heraclian dynasty, reigning from 685 to 695 and again from 705 to 711. Like his namesake, Justinian I, Justinian II was an ambitious and passionate ruler who was keen to restore the Roman Empire to its former glories. However, he responded brutally to any opposition to his will and lacked the finesse of his father, Constantine IV.[7] Consequently, he generated enormous opposition to his reign, resulting in his deposition in 695 in a popular uprising. He only returned to the throne in 705 with the help of a Bulgar and Slav army. His second reign was even more despotic than the first, and in 711 he was killed by mutinous soldiers.
- ^ Hourihane, Colum (2012). The Grove Encyclopedia of Medieval Art and Architecture. Vol. 2. Oxford University Press. pp. 154–157. ISBN 9780195395365.
- ^ Kazhdan 1991
- ^ Grierson, Philip (1962). "The Tombs and Obits of the Byzantine Emperors". Dumbarton Oaks Papers. 16: 50. doi:10.2307/1291157. JSTOR 1291157.
- ^ Vasiliev 1943.
- ^ Johann George Estor (1766). Freiheit der Teutschen Kirchen, fürnämlich in Rücksicht auf Se. Kaiserliche Majestät, und im Betreffe der Teutschen Reichs-Stände wider die Eingriffe der Curialen zu Rom. p. 101. ISBN 9781271731411.
- ^ Baudartius, Willem (1632). Apophthegmata christiana, ofte: Ghedenck-weerdige, leersame, ende aerdighe spreuken, van vele ende verscheydene christelicke ende christen-ghelijcke persoonen gesproken ...: alles uyt vele gheloof-weerdighe scribenten met grooten vlijt versamelt ... p. 196.
- ^ Ostrogorsky 1956, pp. 116–122
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