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Kaimingjie germ weapon attack
 | |
| Date | 27 October 1940 |
|---|---|
| Location | Ningbo, China |
| Coordinates | 29°52′27″N 121°32′55″E / 29.87409°N 121.54869°E |
| Type | Biological warfare |
| Reporter | Xu Guofang & Ding Licheng |
| Deaths | 1,554 |
The Kaimingjie germ weapon attack (simplified Chinese: 开明街鼠疫灾难; traditional Chinese: 開明街鼠疫災難; lit. 'Kaiming Street Plague Disaster') was a secret biological warfare launched by Japan in October 1940 against the Kaiming Street area of Ningbo, Zhejiang, China.[1] A joint operation of the Imperial Japanese Army's Unit 731 and Unit 1644,[1] this attack was operated by military planes taking off from Jianqiao Airport in Hangzhou,[2]: 89 which airdropped wheat, corn, cotton scraps, and sand infected with plague fleas to target locations.[1] From September 1940, Ningbo, Quzhou, and other places were subjected to various forms of biological warfares until the end of October 1940, when the attacks triggered a plague epidemic in Ningbo.[3]
After the outbreak of the plague, the city authorities in Ningbo built a 4.3-meter-high isolation wall around the epidemic area, segregating patients and suspected cases, and eventually burned down the Kaiming Street area to eradicate the disease.[4] Until the 1960s, this burned area was still referred to as the "plague field".[5] According to the doctoral thesis of Junichi Kaneko, a military doctor of Unit 731, on October 27, 1940, Unit 731 spread 2 kilograms of plague bacteria over Ningbo, Zhejiang, using aircraft, resulting in a total of 1,554 deaths from the first- and second-round infections.[6][7]
- ^ a b c Gold, Hal (2004). Unit 731: Testimkhtvgcony. Tuttle Publishing. pp. 75–80. ISBN 0-8048-3565-9. Archived from the original on 13 August 2023. Retrieved 28 October 2020.
- ^ Chen, Zhiyuan (2018). Plague Wars Launched by Japanese Army in China (in Simplified Chinese). Beijing: China Social Sciences Press. ISBN 978-7-5203-3419-8.
- ^ "日军利用细菌攻击中国". Southern Weekly. 7 July 2005. Archived from the original on 24 February 2024. Retrieved 24 February 2024 – via 新浪网.
- ^ Military Medical Ethics, Volume 2. DIANE Publishing. p. 485. ISBN 1-4289-1066-2. Archived from the original on 13 August 2023. Retrieved 28 October 2020.
- ^ Hu, Hao (26 May 2015). "5000多平方"鼠疫场"被焚 日军细菌战宁波1554人罹难". Zhejiang Online. Archived from the original on 4 April 2022. Retrieved 23 February 2024.
- ^ Gong, Jingjing (19 September 2018). "宁波鼠疫惨案｜得病的父亲，被活生生钉进了棺木" [Ningbo Bubonic Plague Tragedy｜Diseased father, nailed alive in coffin]. The Paper (in Simplified Chinese). Archived from the original on 24 February 2024. Retrieved 23 February 2024.
- ^ 金子順一 (1949). 金子順一論文集 (PDF) (PhD thesis). Tokyo: The University of Tokyo. Archived (PDF) from the original on 15 July 2023. Retrieved 24 February 2024.
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