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Kamakura shogunate
Kamakura shogunate 鎌倉幕府 Kamakura bakufu | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1192–1333 | |||||||||
 | |||||||||
| Capital | Heian-kyō (Emperor's palace) Kamakura (Shōgun's residence) | ||||||||
| Common languages | Late Middle Japanese | ||||||||
| Religion | |||||||||
| Government | Diarchial[a] feudal hereditary military dictatorship[3] under hereditary regency[5] | ||||||||
| Emperor | |||||||||
• 1183–1198 | Go-Toba | ||||||||
• 1318–1339 | Go-Daigo | ||||||||
| Shōgun | |||||||||
• 1192–1199 | Minamoto no Yoritomo | ||||||||
• 1308–1333 | Prince Morikuni | ||||||||
| Shikken | |||||||||
• 1199–1205 | Hōjō Tokimasa | ||||||||
• 1326–1333 | Hōjō Moritoki | ||||||||
| History | |||||||||
• Minamoto no Yoritomo appointed shogun | August 21,[6] 1192 | ||||||||
| April 25, 1185 | |||||||||
• Hōjō regency established | 1203 | ||||||||
| May 18, 1333 | |||||||||
| Currency | Ryō | ||||||||
| |||||||||
The Kamakura shogunate (Japanese: 鎌倉幕府, Hepburn: Kamakura bakufu) was the feudal military government of Japan during the Kamakura period from 1185 to 1333.[7][8]
The Kamakura shogunate was established by Minamoto no Yoritomo after victory in the Genpei War and appointing himself as shōgun.[9] Yoritomo governed Japan as military dictator from the eastern city of Kamakura with the emperor of Japan and his Imperial Court in the official capital city of Heian-kyō (Kyoto) as figureheads.[7] The Kamakura shōguns were members of the Minamoto clan until 1226, the Fujiwara clan until 1252, and the last six were minor princes of the imperial family.[10] The Hōjō clan were the de facto rulers of Japan as shikken (regent) of the shōgun from 1203.[11][7][12][13] The Kamakura shogunate saw the Jōkyū War in 1221 and the Mongol invasions of Japan under Kublai Khan in 1274 and 1281. The Kamakura shogunate was overthrown in the Kenmu Restoration under Emperor Go-Daigo in 1333, re-establishing Imperial rule until Ashikaga Takauji and his offspring overthrew the imperial government and founded the Ashikaga shogunate in 1336 (Nanboku-chō period).
There are various theories as to the year in which the Kamakura period and Kamakura shogunate began. In the past, the most popular theory was that the year was 1192, when Minamoto no Yoritomo was appointed Seii Taishōgun (征夷大将軍). Later, the prevailing theory was that the year was 1185, when Yoritomo established the Shugo (守護), which controlled military and police power in various regions, and the Jitō (地頭), which was in charge of tax collection and land administration. Japanese history textbooks as of 2016 do not specify a year for the beginning of the Kamakura period, as there are various theories about the year the Kamakura shogunate was established.[14]
- ^ Naofusa Hirai. "Shinto § The encounter with Buddhism". britannica.com. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. Retrieved October 22, 2020.
- ^ "Buddhism § Korea and Japan". britannica.com. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. Retrieved October 22, 2020.
- ^ a b c d "Kamakura period | Japanese history". britannica.com. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. Retrieved October 22, 2020.
- ^ "Japan § Medieval Japan". britannica.com. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. Retrieved October 22, 2020.
- ^ John A. Harrison. "Hōjō Family | Japanese family". britannica.com. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. Retrieved October 22, 2020.
- ^ "First Shogunate in Japan". nationalgeographic.org. National Geographic Society. 6 April 2020. Retrieved October 21, 2020.
- ^ a b c Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric. (2005). "Kamakura-jidai" in Japan Encyclopedia, p. 459.
- ^ "...not only was the Heian system of imperial-aristocratic rule still vigorous during the twelfth century, but also it remained the essential framework within which the bakufu, during its lifetime, was obliged to operate. In this sense, the Heian pattern of government survived into the fourteenth century - to be destroyed with the Kama-kura bakufu rather than by it." Warrior Rule in Japan, page 1. Cambridge University Press.
- ^ Nussbaum, "Shogun" at pp. 878–879.
- ^ Nussbaum, "Minamoto" at pp. 632–633.
- ^ Nussbaum, "Fujiwara" at pp. 200–201.
- ^ Nussbaum, "Hōjō" at pp. 339–340.
- ^ Nussbaum, "Shikken" at p. 857.
- ^ 鎌倉幕府は何年に成立？正解を言えますか (in Japanese). Toyo keizai. 9 June 2016. Archived from the original on 9 May 2022. Retrieved 9 March 2024.
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