Kingdom of Scotland

Kingdom of Scotland Rìoghachd na h-Alba (Scottish Gaelic) Kinrick o Scotland (Scots) Kongungdum Skotland (Norn)
843–1707 (1654–1660: Commonwealth)
Top: Flag (1542–1707) Bottom: Royal Banner (1565–1603) Royal Arms (1565–1603)
Motto:  "In my defens God me defend" (Scots) "In my defence God me defend" [a]
The Kingdom of Scotland in 1190
Capital	Scone (c. 843–1069) Dunfermline (c. 1069–1452) Edinburgh (after c. 1452)
Common languages	Middle Irish (until 12th century) Scottish Gaelic (from 12th century) Cumbric (1093 – 12th century)[b] English[c] (950–1707) Scots[d] (from 13th century) French[e][1] Norn (from 1471) Medieval Latin[f] (until 15th century)
Religion	Roman Catholicism (until 1560) Church of Scotland (Episcopalianism, Presbyterianism; from 1560)
Demonym(s)	Scottish
Government	Unitary parliamentary semi-constitutional monarchy
Monarch
• 843–858 (first)	Kenneth I
• 1702–1707 (last)	Anne
Legislature	Parliament
Historical era	Middle Ages, Early modern
• United	9th century (traditionally 843)
• Lothian and Strathclyde incorporated	1124 (confirmed Treaty of York 1237)
• Galloway incorporated	1234/1235
• Hebrides, Isle of Man and Caithness incorporated	1266 (Treaty of Perth)
• Orkney and Shetland incorporated	1472
• Union of the Crowns	24 March 1603
• Union with England	1 May 1707
Area
1482–1707	78,778 km2 (30,416 sq mi)
Population
• 1500[2]	500,000
• 1600[3]	800,000
• 1700[4]	1,250,000
Currency	Pound Scots
Preceded by Succeeded by Dál Riata Cat Ce Fortriu Fib Strathclyde Galloway Northumbria Earldom of Orkney Kingdom of Great Britain
Today part of	United Kingdom  ∟ Scotland  ∟ England (Northumberland, Cumbria, partially)

The Kingdom of Scotland (Scottish Gaelic: Rìoghachd na h-Alba; Scots: Kinrick o Scotland, Norn: Kongungdum Skotland) was a sovereign state in northwest Europe, traditionally said to have been founded in 843. Its territories expanded and shrank, but it came to occupy the northern third of the island of Great Britain, sharing a land border to the south with the Kingdom of England. During the Middle Ages, Scotland engaged in intermittent conflict with England, most prominently the Wars of Scottish Independence, which saw the Scots assert their independence from the English. Following the annexation of the Hebrides and the Northern Isles from Norway in 1266 and 1472 respectively, and the capture of Berwick by England in 1482, the territory of the Kingdom of Scotland corresponded to that of modern-day Scotland, bounded by the North Sea to the east, the Atlantic Ocean to the north and west, and the North Channel and Irish Sea to the southwest.

In 1603, James VI of Scotland became King of England, joining Scotland with England in a personal union. In 1707, during the reign of Queen Anne, the two kingdoms were united to form the Kingdom of Great Britain under the terms of the Acts of Union. The Crown was the most important element of Scotland's government. The Scottish monarchy in the Middle Ages was a largely itinerant institution, before Edinburgh developed as a capital city in the second half of the 15th century. The Crown remained at the centre of political life and in the 16th century emerged as a major centre of display and artistic patronage, until it was effectively dissolved with the 1603 Union of Crowns. The Scottish Crown adopted the conventional offices of western European monarchical states of the time and developed a Privy Council and great offices of state. Parliament also emerged as a major legal institution, gaining an oversight of taxation and policy, but was never as central to the national life. In the early period, the kings of the Scots depended on the great lords—the mormaers and toísechs—but from the reign of David I, sheriffdoms were introduced, which allowed more direct control and gradually limited the power of the major lordships.

In the 17th century, the creation of Justices of Peace and Commissioners of Supply helped to increase the effectiveness of local government. The continued existence of courts baron and the introduction of kirk sessions helped consolidate the power of local lairds. Scots law developed in the Middle Ages and was reformed and codified in the 16th and 17th centuries. Under James IV the legal functions of the council were rationalised, with Court of Session meeting daily in Edinburgh. In 1532, the College of Justice was founded, leading to the training and professionalisation of lawyers. David I is the first Scottish king known to have produced his own coinage. After the union of the Scottish and English crowns in 1603, the Pound Scots was reformed to closely match sterling coin. The Bank of Scotland issued pound notes from 1704. Scottish currency was abolished by the Acts of Union 1707; however, Scotland has retained unique banknotes to the present day.

Geographically, Scotland is divided between the Highlands and Islands and the Lowlands. The Highlands had a relatively short growing season, which was even shorter during the Little Ice Age. Scotland's population at the start of the Black Death was about 1 million; by the end of the plague, it was only half a million. It expanded in the first half of the 16th century, reaching roughly 1.2 million by the 1690s. Significant languages in the medieval kingdom included Gaelic, Old English, Norse and French; but by the early modern era Middle Scots had begun to dominate. Christianity was introduced into Scotland from the 6th century. In the Norman period the Scottish church underwent a series of changes that led to new monastic orders and organisation. During the 16th century, Scotland underwent a Protestant Reformation that created a predominately Calvinist national kirk. There were a series of religious controversies that resulted in divisions and persecutions. The Scottish Crown developed naval forces at various points in its history, but often relied on privateers and fought a guerre de course. Land forces centred around the large common army, but adopted European innovations from the 16th century; and many Scots took service as mercenaries and as soldiers for the English Crown.

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