Languages of Zimbabwe

Languages of Zimbabwe
Sign in English at Victoria Falls, with the falls' name in Tonga
Official	Chewa, Chibarwe, English, Kalanga, Koisan, Nambya, Ndau, Ndebele, Shangani, Shona, Sign Language, Sotho, Tonga, Tswana, Venda, and Xhosa
Main	Shona (~85%), Northern Ndebele (~40%), English (L1 <15%, L2 ~70%)[1]
Vernacular	chiShona, isiNdebele, Zimbabwean English
Minority	Kunda, Tsoa, Tswa, Lozi, Tjwao
Immigrant	French, Punjabi, Hindi, Afrikaans, Chinese, Portuguese
Signed	Zimbabwean sign languages, American Sign Language
Keyboard layout	QWERTY (US)

Many languages are spoken, or historically have been spoken, in Zimbabwe. Since the adoption of its 2013 Constitution, Zimbabwe has 16 official languages, namely Chewa, Chibarwe, English, Kalanga, Koisan, Nambya, Ndau, Ndebele, Shangani, Shona, sign language, Sotho, Tonga, Tswana, Venda, Xhosa. The country's main languages are Shona, spoken by over 70% of the population, and Ndebele, spoken by roughly 20%. English is the country's lingua franca, used in government and business and as the main medium of instruction in schools.^[2] English is the first language of most white Zimbabweans, and is the second language of a majority of black Zimbabweans. Historically, a minority of white Zimbabweans spoke Afrikaans, Greek, Italian, Polish, and Portuguese, among other languages, while Gujarati and Hindi could be found amongst the country's Indian population. Deaf Zimbabweans commonly use one of several varieties of Zimbabwean Sign Language, with some using American Sign Language. Zimbabwean language data is based on estimates, as Zimbabwe has never conducted a census that enumerated people by language.