Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor

Leopold I
Imperator Romanorum
Portrait by Benjamin von Block, c. 1672
Holy Roman Emperor
Reign	18 July 1658 – 5 May 1705
Coronation	1 August 1658 Frankfurt Cathedral
Predecessor	Ferdinand III
Successor	Joseph I
King of Hungary
Reign	27 June 1655 – 5 May 1705
Coronation	27 June 1655 Pressburg
Predecessor	Ferdinand III
Successor	Joseph I
Co-rulers	Ferdinand III (1655–1657) Joseph I (1687–1705)
King of Bohemia
Reign	14 September 1656 – 5 May 1705
Coronation	14 September 1656 Prague
Predecessor	Ferdinand III
Successor	Joseph I
Archduke of Austria King of Croatia
Reign	2 April 1657 – 5 May 1705
Predecessor	Ferdinand III
Successor	Joseph I
Born	(1640-06-09)9 June 1640 Vienna, Archduchy of Austria, Holy Roman Empire
Died	5 May 1705(1705-05-05) (aged 64) Vienna, Archduchy of Austria, Holy Roman Empire
Burial	Imperial Crypt
Spouses	Margaret Theresa of Spain ​ ​ (m. 1666; died 1673)​ Claudia Felicitas of Austria ​ ​ (m. 1673; died 1676)​ Eleonore Magdalene of Neuburg ​ ​ (m. 1676)​
Issue Detail	Maria Antonia, Electress of Bavaria Joseph I, Holy Roman Emperor Maria Elisabeth, Governor of the Netherlands Archduke Leopold Joseph Maria Anna, Queen of Portugal Archduchess Maria Theresa Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor Archduchess Maria Josepha Archduchess Maria Magdalena
Names Leopold Ignaz Joseph Balthasar Franz Felician
House	Habsburg
Father	Ferdinand III, Holy Roman Emperor
Mother	Maria Anna of Spain
Religion	Catholic Church
Signature

Leopold I (Leopold Ignaz Joseph Balthasar Franz Felician; Hungarian: I. Lipót; 9 June 1640 – 5 May 1705) was Holy Roman Emperor, King of Hungary, Croatia, and Bohemia. The second son of Ferdinand III, Holy Roman Emperor, by his first wife, Maria Anna of Spain, Leopold became heir apparent in 1654 after the death of his elder brother Ferdinand IV. Elected in 1658, Leopold ruled the Holy Roman Empire until his death in 1705, becoming the second longest-ruling emperor (46 years and 9 months) of the House of Hapsburg. He was both a composer and considerable patron of music.

Leopold's reign is known for conflicts with the Ottoman Empire in the Great Turkish War (1683–1699) and rivalry with Louis XIV, a contemporary and first cousin (on the maternal side; fourth cousin on the paternal side), in the west. After more than a decade of warfare, Leopold emerged victorious in the east thanks to the military talents of Prince Eugene of Savoy. By the Treaty of Karlowitz, Leopold recovered almost all of the Kingdom of Hungary, which had fallen under Turkish power in the years after the 1526 Battle of Mohács.

Leopold fought three wars against France: the Franco-Dutch War, the Nine Years' War, and the War of the Spanish Succession. In this last, Leopold sought to give his younger son Charles the entire Spanish inheritance, disregarding the will of the late Charles II. Leopold started a war that soon engulfed much of Europe. The early years of the war went fairly well for Austria, with victories at Schellenberg and Blenheim, but the war would drag on until 1714, nine years after Leopold's death, which barely had an effect on the warring states. When peace returned with the Treaty of Rastatt, Austria could not be said to have emerged as triumphant as it had from the war against the Turks.^[1]