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Limb bud
| Limb bud | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Details | |
| Precursor | Lateral plate mesoderm |
| Identifiers | |
| Latin | gemmae membrorum |
| MeSH | D018878 |
| TE | bud_by_E5.0.3.0.0.0.5 E5.0.3.0.0.0.5 |
| Anatomical terminology | |
The limb bud is a structure formed early in vertebrate limb development. As a result of interactions between the ectoderm and underlying mesoderm, formation occurs roughly around the fourth week of development.[1] In the development of the human embryo, the upper limb bud appears in the third week and the lower limb bud appears four days later.[2]
The limb bud consists of undifferentiated mesoderm cells that are sheathed in ectoderm.[3] As a result of cell signaling interactions between the ectoderm and underlying mesoderm cells, formation of the developing limb bud occurs as mesenchymal cells from the lateral plate mesoderm and somites begin to proliferate to the point where they create a bulge under the ectodermal cells above.[4] The mesoderm cells in the limb bud that come from the lateral plate mesoderm will eventually differentiate into the developing limb's connective tissues, such as cartilage, bone, and tendon.[3] Moreover, the mesoderm cells that come from the somites will eventually differentiate into the myogenic cells of the limb muscles.[3]
The limb bud remains active throughout much of limb development as it stimulates the creation and positive feedback retention of two signaling regions: the apical ectodermal ridge (AER) and the zone of polarizing activity (ZPA) with the mesenchymal cells.[3] These signaling centers are crucial to the proper formation of a limb that is correctly oriented with its corresponding axial polarity in the developing organism. Research has determined that the AER signaling region within the limb bud determines the proximal-distal axis formation of the limb using FGF signals.[5] ZPA signaling establishes the anterior-posterior axis formation of the limb using Shh signals.[6] Additionally, though not known as a specific signaling region like AER and ZPA, the dorsal-ventral axis is established in the limb bud by the competitive Wnt7a and BMP signals that the dorsal ectoderm and ventral ectoderm use respectively.[7][8] Because all of these signaling systems reciprocally sustain each other's activity, limb development is essentially autonomous after these signaling regions have been established.[3]
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