Marathi language

Marathi
Marathi
Marāṭhī
मराठी, 𑘦𑘨𑘰𑘙𑘲
	The word "Marāṭhī" in Devanagari & Modi script
Pronunciation	Marathi: [məˈɾaːʈʰiː] ; English: /məˈrɑːti/
Native to	India
Region	South and Western India Maharashtra; Goa; Telangana (north); Karnataka (in the districts of Belagavi, Karwar, Bagalkote, Vijayapura, Kalaburagi and Bidar); Gujarat (majorly in Vadodara, and among a small number of population in Surat); Madhya Pradesh (in the districts of Burhanpur, Betul, Chhindwara and Balaghat); Chhattisgarh; Union-territories of Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu; Tamil Nadu (in Thanjavur); Kerala (in Kasargod);
Ethnicity	Marathi
Speakers	L1: 83 million (2011); L2: 16 million (2011)
Language family	Indo-European Indo-Iranian Indo-Aryan Southern Marathi–Konkani Marathi; ; ; ; ;
Early form	Maharashtri Prakrit
Standard forms	Standard Marathi;
Dialects	Varhadi (major); Zadi Boli; Southern Indian Marathi (Thanjavur Marathi, Kasargodan Marathi); East Indian Marathi; Judæo-Marathi;
Writing system	Devanagari (official); (Marathi alphabet); Devanagari Braille; Brahmi (historical); Modi script (historical);
Signed forms	Indian Signing System
Official status
Official language in	India Maharashtra; Goa (additional);
Recognised minority; language in	India Karnataka; Tamil Nadu; Gujarat; Madhya Pradesh; Chhattisgarh; Daman and Diu;
Regulated by	Ministry of Marathi Language and various other institutions
Language codes
ISO 639-1	mr
ISO 639-2	mar
ISO 639-3	Either:; mar – Modern Marathi; omr – Old Marathi
Linguist List	omr Old Marathi
Glottolog	mara1378 Modern Marathi; oldm1244 Old Marathi
Linguasphere	59-AAF-o
	regions where Marathi is the language of the majority or plurality regions where Marathi is the language of a significant minority
	Map of Marathi language in India (district-wise). Darker shades imply a greater percentage of native speakers of Marathi in each district.

Marathi (/məˈrɑːti/;^[13] मराठी, Marāṭhī, pronounced [məˈɾaːʈʰiː] ^ⓘ) is a classical Indo-Aryan language predominantly spoken by Marathi people in the Indian state of Maharashtra and is also spoken in other states like in Goa, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Telangana, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, and the territory of Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu.^[1]^[2]^[14]^[15] It is the official language of Maharashtra, and an additional official language in the state of Goa, where it is used for replies, when requests are received in Marathi. It is one of the 22 scheduled languages of India, with 83 million speakers as of 2011. Marathi ranks 13th in the list of languages with most native speakers in the world. Marathi has the third largest number of native speakers in India, after Hindi and Bengali.^[16] The language has some of the oldest literature of all modern Indian languages.^[17] The major dialects of Marathi are Standard Marathi and the Varhadi Marathi.^[5] Marathi was designated as a classical language by the Government of India in October 2024.^[18]

Marathi distinguishes inclusive and exclusive forms of 'we' and possesses three genders: masculine, feminine, and neuter. Its phonology contrasts apico-alveolar with alveopalatal affricates and alveolar with retroflex laterals ([l] and [ɭ] (Marathi letters ल and ळ respectively).^[19]

^ ^a ^b ^c [1] Archived 7 November 2012 at the Wayback Machine
^ ^a ^b ^c "C-16 Population By Mother Tongue". censusindia.gov.in. Retrieved 3 April 2021.
^ Indian Linguistics. Linguistic Society of India. 2008. p. 161.
^ ^a ^b Modern Marathi at Ethnologue (27th ed., 2024)
Old Marathi at Ethnologue (27th ed., 2024)
^ ^a ^b ^c Dhoṅgaḍe, Rameśa; Wali, Kashi (2009). "Marathi". London Oriental and African Language Library. 13. John Benjamins Publishing Company: 101, 139. ISBN 9789027238139.
^ "झाडी बोली (मराठी भाषेतील सौंदर्यस्थळे) | मिसळपाव". www.misalpav.com. Retrieved 15 March 2020.
^ "Marathi | South Asian Languages and Civilizations". salc.uchicago.edu. Retrieved 15 March 2020.
^ Ghatage.
^ "Know Your City: The Modi script, using which Maratha empire would conduct business". 5 February 2022.
^ "'Other' Modi wave: How 700-year Marathi script is making a comeback". The Times of India. 7 July 2019.
^ "The Goa, Daman and Diu Official Language Act, 1987" (PDF). indiacode.nic.in. Retrieved 12 November 2022.
^ Cite error: The named reference goa was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ Laurie Bauer, 2007, The Linguistics Student's Handbook, Edinburgh
^ Lal, M. B. (2008). N. E. R. Exam. Upkar Prakashan. ISBN 978-81-7482-464-6.
^ Kaminsky, Arnold P.; Roger, D. Long PH D. (23 September 2011). India Today: An Encyclopedia of Life in the Republic [2 volumes]. Bloomsbury Publishing USA. ISBN 978-0-313-37463-0.
^ "Abstract of Language Strength in India: 2011 Census" (PDF). Censusindia.gov.in.
^ "arts, South Asian". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica 2007 Ultimate Reference Suite.
^ Cite error: The named reference IT_Oct2024 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ Dhongde & Wali 2009, pp. 11–15.

[dadra-1] [1] Archived 7 November 2012 at the Wayback Machine

[C-16_Population_By_Mother_Tongue-2] "C-16 Population By Mother Tongue". censusindia.gov.in. Retrieved 3 April 2021.

[Indian_Linguistics-3] Indian Linguistics. Linguistic Society of India. 2008. p. 161.

[e27-4] Modern Marathi at Ethnologue (27th ed., 2024)
Old Marathi at Ethnologue (27th ed., 2024)

[kas-5] Dhoṅgaḍe, Rameśa; Wali, Kashi (2009). "Marathi". London Oriental and African Language Library. 13. John Benjamins Publishing Company: 101, 139. ISBN 9789027238139.

[misalpav.com-6] "झाडी बोली (मराठी भाषेतील सौंदर्यस्थळे) | मिसळपाव". www.misalpav.com. Retrieved 15 March 2020.

[salc.uchicago.edu-7] "Marathi | South Asian Languages and Civilizations". salc.uchicago.edu. Retrieved 15 March 2020.

[FOOTNOTEGhatage-8] Ghatage.

[9] "Know Your City: The Modi script, using which Maratha empire would conduct business". 5 February 2022.

[10] "'Other' Modi wave: How 700-year Marathi script is making a comeback". The Times of India. 7 July 2019.

[ic-11] "The Goa, Daman and Diu Official Language Act, 1987" (PDF). indiacode.nic.in. Retrieved 12 November 2022.

[goa-12] Cite error: The named reference goa was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[13] Laurie Bauer, 2007, The Linguistics Student's Handbook, Edinburgh

[14] Lal, M. B. (2008). N. E. R. Exam. Upkar Prakashan. ISBN 978-81-7482-464-6.

[15] Kaminsky, Arnold P.; Roger, D. Long PH D. (23 September 2011). India Today: An Encyclopedia of Life in the Republic [2 volumes]. Bloomsbury Publishing USA. ISBN 978-0-313-37463-0.

[auto1-16] "Abstract of Language Strength in India: 2011 Census" (PDF). Censusindia.gov.in.

[17] "arts, South Asian". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica 2007 Ultimate Reference Suite.

[IT_Oct2024-18] Cite error: The named reference IT_Oct2024 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[FOOTNOTEDhongdeWali200911–15-19] Dhongde & Wali 2009, pp. 11–15.

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Marathi language

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